Biotin Deficiency Medication

  • Author: Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD; Chief Editor: Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS   more...
 
Updated: Aug 1, 2011
 

Vitamins

Class Summary

Traditionally, biotin has been considered to be a vitamin B substance. Biotin is an essential coenzyme in fat metabolism and in other carboxylation reactions. Biotin deficiency may result in urinary excretion of organic acids and changes in skin and hair.

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Biotin

 

Functions as a coenzyme or prosthetic group in all 4 of the body's carboxylases. Each carboxylase has a critical role in intermediary metabolism. In these enzymes, biotin serves as a carrier for CO2.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD  Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, and New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Private Practice

Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Optigenex Consulting fee Independent contractor

Coauthor(s)

Stephanie Beth Freilich, MD  Clinical Instructor, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Clinical Assistant, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital

Stephanie Beth Freilich, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, and New York County Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Maria Rebello Mascarenhas, MBBS  Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Section Chief of Nutrition, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Director, Nutrition Support Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Maria Rebello Mascarenhas, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD  Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS  Professor of Pediatrics, Chief, Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia

Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Dietetic Association, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Merrily P M Poth, MD  Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Merrily P M Poth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, and Pediatric Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS  Professor of Pediatrics, Chief, Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia

Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Dietetic Association, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Howard R Sloan, MD, PhD†, to the development and writing of this article.

References

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Biotin is a bicyclic (more precisely, heterocyclic) compound composed of an ureido ring (A) fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring (B). A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring.
Carboxybiotin carboxylase is the activated form of a carboxylase that conducts the actual carboxylation of a substrate. The CO2 residue attached to the nitrogen atom diagonally across from the valeric acid substituent is transferred to the substrate to be carboxylated, and the original carboxylase is liberated intact.
Depiction of the flow of biotin in the biotin cycle.
Biocytin is the product of the complete proteolysis of biotin-containing proteins and peptides. The enzyme biotinidase cleaves biocytin into free biotin and the amino acid lysine. The free biotin is then available for intestinal absorption or intracellular coupling to an apocarboxylase to form a holocarboxylase.
The biotin molecule is bound to the protein by a peptide bond to an e-amino group of an apocarboxylase to form a holocarboxylase.
 
 
 
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