Malnutrition: Multimedia

References

1. WHO. Malnutrition-The Global Picture. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/home-page/.

2. Blossner, Monika, de Onis, Mercedes. Malnutrition: quantifying the health impact atnational and local levels. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005. Environmental Burden of Disease Series. [Full Text].

3. Hendricks KM, Duggan C, Gallagher L, et al. Malnutrition in hospitalized pediatric patients. Current prevalence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Oct 1995;149(10):1118-22. [Medline].

4. Benitez-Bribiesca L, De la Rosa-Alvarez I, Mansilla-Olivares A. Dendritic spine pathology in infants with severe protein-calorie malnutrition. Pediatrics. Aug 1999;104(2):e21. [Medline].

5. Mendez MA, Adair LS. Severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood. J Nutr. Aug 1999;129(8):1555-62. [Medline].

6. Heywood AH, Marshall T, Heywood PF. Motor development and nutritional status of young children in Madang, Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J. Jun 1991;34(2):109-16. [Medline].

7. Martorell R, Rivera J, Kaplowitz H, Pollitt E. Long-term consequences of growth retardation during early childhood. In: Hernandez M, Argente J. Human growth:basic and clinical aspects. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992:143-149.

8. Balint JP. Physical findings in nutritional deficiencies. Pediatr Clin North Am. Feb 1998;45(1):245-60. [Medline].

9. US Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2005. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2005. 71.

10. [Best Evidence] Zeng L, Dibley MJ, Cheng Y, et al. Impact of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight, duration of gestation, and perinatal mortality in rural western China: double blind cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. Nov 7 2008;337:a2001. [Medline].

11. [Best Evidence] Roberfroid D, Huybregts L, Lanou H, et al. Effects of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth: a double-blind randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. Am J Clin Nutr. Nov 2008;88(5):1330-40. [Medline].

12. [Best Evidence] Lazzerini M, Ronfani L. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 16 2008;CD005436. [Medline].

13. Scrimgeour AG, Lukaski HC. Zinc and diarrheal disease: current status and future perspectives. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. Nov 2008;11(6):711-7. [Medline].

14. Blecker U, Mehta DI, Davis R, et al. Nutritional problems in patients who have chronic disease. Pediatr Rev. Jan 2000;21(1):29-32. [Medline].

15. Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blossner M. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2004;80(1):193-8. [Medline].

16. Chandra RK. 1990 McCollum Award lecture. Nutrition and immunity: lessons from the past and new insights into the future. Am J Clin Nutr. May 1991;53(5):1087-101. [Medline].

17. de Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E. Estimates of global prevalence of childhood underweight in 1990 and 2015. JAMA. Jun 2 2004;291(21):2600-6. [Medline].

18. de Onis M, Frongillo EA, Blossner M. Is malnutrition declining? An analysis of changes in levels of child malnutrition since 1980. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(10):1222-33. [Medline].

19. Hay WW Jr, Lucas A, Heird WC, et al. Workshop summary: nutrition of the extremely low birth weight infant. Pediatrics. Dec 1999;104(6):1360-8. [Medline].

20. Islam S, Abely M, Alam NH, et al. Water and electrolyte salvage in an animal model of dehydration and malnutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Jan 2004;38(1):27-33. [Medline].

21. Kleinman RE, Murphy JM, Little M, et al. Hunger in children in the United States: potential behavioral and emotional correlates. Pediatrics. Jan 1998;101(1):E3. [Medline].

22. Kleinmann R, Committee on Nutrition. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. 4^th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 1998.

23. Koerner CB, Hays TL. Food allergy: current knowledge and future directions. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 1999;19.

24. Man WD, Weber M, Palmer A, Schneider G, Wadda R, Jaffar S. Nutritional status of children admitted to hospital with different diseases and its relationship to outcome in The Gambia, West Africa. Trop Med Int Health. Aug 1998;3(8):678-86. [Medline].

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26. Rosenfield RL. Essentials of growth diagnosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Sep 1996;25(3):743-58. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

malnutrition, protein-energy malnutrition, PEM, protein-calorie malnutrition, kwashiorkor, marasmus, starvation, hunger, poor diet, nutritional deficiency, diagnosis, treatment, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, infectious diarrhea, AIDS, hyperaldosteronism, irritability, apathy, decreased social responsiveness, anxiety, attention deficits, mental retardation, hypogonadism, acrodermatitis enteropathica, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, hepatomegaly, cystic fibrosis, chronic renal failure, inflammatory bowel disease, prematurity, allergies

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Harohalli R Shashidhar, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Chief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Kentucky Medical Center
Harohalli R Shashidhar is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Kentucky Medical Association, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Disclosure: TAP pharmaceuticals Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Salix Honoraria Review panel membership

Coauthor(s)

Donna G Grigsby, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
Donna G Grigsby, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and Kentucky Pediatric Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Maria Rebello Mascarenhas, MBBS, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Section Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Director, Nutrition Support Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Maria Rebello Mascarenhas, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

CME Editor

Merrily P M Poth, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Merrily P M Poth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, and Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS, Professor of Pediatrics, Chief, Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia
Jatinder Bhatia, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Dietetic Association, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Mead Johnson Consulting fee Consulting; Mead Johnson Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Dey LP Consulting fee Consulting; Dey LP Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ovation Honoraria Speaking and teaching