Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney Follow-up

  • Author: Nita Seibel, MD; Chief Editor: Max J Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA   more...
 
Updated: Feb 11, 2009
 

Further Inpatient Care

Pediatricians often refer patients with an abdominal mass to a pediatric general surgeon or urologist (if a known renal mass is present). These specialists should involve pediatric oncologists preoperatively. Chest CT scans should be obtained before surgery to eliminate confusion regarding areas of atelectasis that may be difficult to separate from metastases. In addition, if abnormal findings are revealed on chest CT scans, a biopsy of lung tissue can be planned at the time of surgery.

Chemotherapy may be administered on an outpatient (depending on the facilities) or inpatient basis.

Fever and neutropenia may occur, requiring hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics and monitoring.

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Further Outpatient Care

After completing chemotherapy, patients should continue to have regular blood work and radiographic scans on an outpatient basis, which decreases in frequency over time. The ideal follow up schedule has not been established particularly for the length of follow up. Generally, these visits occur every 1-3 months for the first year, every 3-6 months for the second and third years, then yearly thereafter. Investigators in Europe and in North America have reported an increase in number of CNS recurrences of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK). The brain should be routinely scanned with other areas (such as lungs).

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney tumors are associated with late recurrence; the most common site of recurrence is the brain and then the lung. Unlike Wilms tumors, patients remain at risk for recurrence after 2 years posttherapy. Tumors may recur as long as 10 years after completion of treatment. However, with the recent treatment approaches, most recurrences occur within 3 years of the completion of therapy.

Treatment of patients with recurrent clear cell sarcoma of the kidney depends on initial therapy. Cyclophosphamide and carboplatin should be considered if not used initially. Patients with recurrent clear cell sarcoma of the kidney that involves the brain have responded to treatment with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE), coupled with local control consisting of either surgical resection and/or radiation. Patients with recurrent clear cell sarcoma of the kidney should be considered for treatment on available pediatric phase I and phase II clinical trials.

Patients require follow-up evaluation in a late-effects clinic and monitoring with appropriate tests because they have a single kidney. Patients are assessed for toxic effects resulting from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. Follow-up visits should include renal, psychosocial, cardiac, and hormonal evaluations.

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Inpatient & Outpatient Medications

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is indicated in patients who have undergone irradiation therapy to the lung. This should continue throughout the course of treatment and for 6 months posttherapy.

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Transfer

Although the major therapy for cancer should occur at a center staffed by pediatric oncologists, referring physicians should continue to play an important role in the child's care throughout treatment. The referring physician can be critical in performing the first evaluation of an illness, particularly if the child lives far from the oncology center.

Patients may be referred to pediatric general surgeons and urologists.

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Deterrence/Prevention

No preventive measures for childhood cancers currently are known.

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Complications

Cardiomyopathy results primarily from anthracycline (doxorubicin) use. Patients should obtain routine follow-up echocardiograms after the completion of therapy.

Patients are at risk for renal failure because they have a single kidney.

Radiation effects have decreased but, in the past, have consisted of asymmetry of the muscle mass in the back.

Secondary malignant neoplasms may arise as a result of chemotherapy (particularly alkylating agents in combination with radiotherapy).

Infertility may occur as a result of the alkylating agents.

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Prognosis

Patients who have stage I tumors, are aged 2-4 years, and have no tumor necrosis tend to have a better prognosis.

Patients who present with distant metastases or multifocal disease have a poor prognosis, with a 50% long-term 6-year survival rate.

Treatment with doxorubicin has resulted in a 66% reduction in the tumor-related mortality rate.

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Patient Education

Parents and patients must undergo formal chemotherapy instruction to learn about the adverse effects of medication. They must be encouraged to call with any questions and to become educated regarding the expectations of chemotherapy.

Parents must be taught regarding flushing schedules and how to maintain and care for the central venous catheter if it exits the skin and the procedure to follow if the patient develops a fever.

Patients who have undergone abdominal surgery are at risk for developing intestinal obstructions or scar tissue related to the surgery. Families must be educated to call when abdominal pain or vomiting develop that are not related to an infectious cause. All members of the pediatric oncology team also must have a heightened awareness of the risk of obstruction in these patients so that an abdominal radiograph is obtained if any suggestion of obstruction exists.

For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Cancer and Tumors Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education article Renal Cell Cancer.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Nita Seibel, MD  Senior Investigator, Pediatric Section, Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute; Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Public Health; Attending Physician, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center

Nita Seibel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, and American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Kathleen M Sakamoto, MD, PhD  Professor and Chief, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vice-Chair of Research, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA; Co-Associate Program Director of the Signal Transduction Program Area, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and California Nanosystems Institute and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA

Kathleen M Sakamoto, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hematology, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, International Society for Experimental Hematology, Society for Pediatric Research, and Western Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD  Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Timothy P Cripe, MD, PhD  Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Clinical Director, Musculoskeletal Tumor Program, Co-Medical Director, Office for Clinical and Translational Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Director of Pilot and Collaborative Clinical and Translational Studies Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Training, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Timothy P Cripe, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Pediatric Society, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samuel Gross, MD  Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina; Adjunct Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University

Samuel Gross, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Max J Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA  Senior Vice President, Children's National Medical Center (Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders); Director, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, Oncology, and Pediatrics, Georgetown University

Max J Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Idaho Medical Association, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References
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Large right-sided heterogeneous renal mass in a 9-month-old infant. Biopsy findings were consistent with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.
Recurrent clear cell sarcoma of the kidney occurring in a lymph node 18 months after therapy.
 
 
 
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