Bancroftian Filariasis Follow-up

  • Author: Robert W Tolan Jr, MD; Chief Editor: Russell W Steele, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 9, 2012
 

Further Inpatient Care

Observe patients with bancroftian filariasis for complications of therapy, especially if diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is used.

Next

Further Outpatient Care

Schedule a posttreatment follow-up visit for 12 months after treatment, with examination of peripheral blood for microfilariae.

Previous
Next

Inpatient & Outpatient Medications

Observe and monitor oral therapeutic plans with DEC because compliance with therapy is poor and usually incomplete.

Previous
Next

Deterrence/Prevention

Avoid insect vector bites.[20] This is usually not feasible for residents of endemic areas but visitors should use insect repellent and mosquito nets.

Previous
Next

Complications

Secondary bacterial infection of elephantiasis may occur.

Testicular torsion has been reported.[21]

Previous
Next

Prognosis

Prognosis is good if bancroftian filariasis is recognized and treated early.

Previous
Next

Patient Education

Educate patients regarding protection against insect vectors; patients should refrain from using self-treatment regimens, especially with DEC.

Previous
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD  Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physicians for Social Responsibility

Disclosure: Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Specialty Editor Board

Rosemary Johann-Liang, MD  Medical Officer, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics, Division of Special Pathogens and Immunological Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration

Rosemary Johann-Liang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD  Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Martin Weisse, MD  Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University

Martin Weisse, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP  Director, Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society of Hospital Medicine

Disclosure: Baxter Honoraria Consulting

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD  Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Michael D Nissen, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, and John Charles Walker, MSc, PhD, to the original writing and development of this article.

References
  1. Chernin E. The disappearance of bancroftian filariasis from Charleston, South Carolina. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jul 1987;37(1):111-4. [Medline].

  2. Okon OE, Iboh CI, Opara KN. Bancroftian filariasis among the Mbembe people of Cross River state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. Jun 2010;47(2):91-6. [Medline].

  3. Addiss DG, Louis-Charles J, Roberts J, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Apr 20 2010;4(4):e668. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  4. Mathieu E, Dorkenoo A, Otogbe FK, Budge PJ, Sodahlon YK. A Laboratory-Based Surveillance System for Wuchereria bancrofti in Togo: A Practical Model for Resource-Poor Settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jun 2011;84(6):988-93. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  5. Uttah EC. Prevalence of endemic Bancroftian filariasis in the high altitude region of south-eastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. Jun 2011;48(2):78-84. [Medline].

  6. Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Garred P, Dalgaard M, Magesa SM, Alifrangis M. Association between mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms and Wuchereria bancrofti infection in two communities in North-Eastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jan 2010;82(1):115-20. [Medline].

  7. Panda AK, Sahoo PK, Kerketta AS, Kar SK, Ravindran B, Satapathy AK. Human Lymphatic Filariasis: Genetic Polymorphism of Endothelin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor II Correlates With Development of Chronic Disease. J Infect Dis. Jul 2011;204(2):315-22. [Medline].

  8. Rosenblatt JE. Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue parasites. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 1 2009;49(7):1103-8. [Medline].

  9. Mehlotra RK, Gray LR, Blood-Zikursh MJ, Kloos Z, Henry-Halldin CN, Tisch DJ, et al. Molecular-based assay for simultaneous detection of four Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jun 2010;82(6):1030-3. [Medline].

  10. Critchley J, Addiss D, Ejere H, et al. Albendazole for the control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. Sep 2005;10(9):818-25. [Medline].

  11. [Best Evidence] Critchley J, Addiss D, Gamble C. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD003753. [Medline].

  12. Ottesen EA, Ismail MM, Horton J. The role of albendazole in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today. Sep 1999;15(9):382-6. [Medline].

  13. Debrah AY, Mand S, Specht S, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Batsa L, Pfarr K. Doxycycline reduces plasma VEGF-C/sVEGFR-3 and improves pathology in lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Pathog. Sep 2006;2(9):e92. [Medline].

  14. Mand S, Pfarr K, Sahoo PK, Satapathy AK, Specht S, Klarmann U, et al. Macrofilaricidal activity and amelioration of lymphatic pathology in bancroftian filariasis after 3 weeks of doxycycline followed by single-dose diethylcarbamazine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Oct 2009;81(4):702-11. [Medline].

  15. Sanprasert V, Sujariyakul A, Nuchprayoon S. A single dose of doxycycline in combination with diethylcarbamazine for treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Jul 2010;41(4):800-12. [Medline].

  16. Dunyo SK, Nkrumah FK, Simonsen PE. Single-dose treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infections with ivermectin and albendazole alone or in combination: evaluation of the potential for control at 12 months after treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Jul-Aug 2000;94(4):437-43. [Medline].

  17. Ottesen EA, Vijayasekaran V, Kumaraswami V. A controlled trial of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in lymphatic filariasis. N Engl J Med. Apr 19 1990;322(16):1113-7. [Medline].

  18. Dembele B, Coulibaly YI, Dolo H, Konate S, Coulibaly SY, Sanogo D. Use of High-Dose, Twice-Yearly Albendazole and Ivermectin to Suppress Wuchereria bancrofti Microfilarial Levels. Clin Infect Dis. Dec 1 2010;51(11):1229-35. [Medline].

  19. Kazura JW. Higher-Dose, More Frequent Treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti. Clin Infect Dis. Dec 1 2010;51(11):1236-7. [Medline].

  20. Ashton RA, Kyabayinze DJ, Opio T, Auma A, Edwards T, Matwale G, et al. The impact of mass drug administration and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in humans and mosquitoes: an observational study in northern Uganda. Parasit Vectors. Jul 15 2011;4:134. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  21. Garg PK, Bhatt S, Kashyap B, George A, Jain BK. Genital filariasis masquerading as testicular torsio. J Vector Borne Dis. Jun 2011;48(2):119-21. [Medline].

  22. American Academy of Pediatrics. Lymphatic Filariasis (Bancroftian, Malayan, and Timorian). In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009:435-7.

  23. Aravindhan V, Mohan V, Surendar J, Rao MM, Ranjani H, Kumaraswami V, et al. Decreased Prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis Among Subjects with Type-1 Diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Dec 2010;83(6):1336-1339. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  24. Bal MS, Mandal NN, DAS MK, Kar SK, Sarangi SS, Beuria MK. Transplacental transfer of filarial antigens from Wuchereria bancrofti-infected mothers to their offspring. Parasitology. Apr 2010;137(4):669-73. [Medline].

  25. Bennuru S, Maldarelli G, Kumaraswami V, Klion AD, Nutman TB. Elevated levels of plasma angiogenic factors are associated with human lymphatic filarial infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Oct 2010;83(4):884-90. [Medline].

  26. Beyrer C, Villar JC, Suwanvanichkij V, Singh S, Baral SD, Mills EJ. Neglected diseases, civil conflicts, and the right to health. Lancet. Aug 18 2007;370(9587):619-27. [Medline].

  27. Bockarie MJ, Deb RM. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis: do we have the drugs to complete the job?. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Dec 2010;23(6):617-20. [Medline].

  28. Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E. Role of Vector Control in the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol. Sep 17 2008;[Medline].

  29. Bockarie MJ, Tavul L, Ibam I. Efficacy of single-dose diethylcarbamazine compared with diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole against wuchereria bancrofti infection in papua new Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jan 2007;76(1):62-6. [Medline].

  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis--Togo, 2000--2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 29 2011;60(29):989-91. [Medline].

  31. Cuenco KT, Ottesen EA, Williams SA, Nutman TB, Steel C. Heritable factors play a major role in determining host responses to Wuchereria bancrofti infection in an isolated South Pacific island population. J Infect Dis. Oct 15 2009;200(8):1271-8. [Medline].

  32. Das LK, Pani SP, Vinod SK. Locomotor disability in bancroftian filarial lymphoedema patients. J Commun Dis. Mar 2008;40(1):13-9. [Medline].

  33. Dixit V, Pati AK, Gupta AK, Bisen PS, Prasad GB. Filarial infection is resisted differentially by subjects having different blood group phenotypes. J Clin Lab Anal. 2009;23(3):186-91. [Medline].

  34. Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Neafie RC, Addiss DG. Lymphatic filariasis. In: Nelson AM, Horsburgh CR, eds. Pathology of emerging infections. Vol 2. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press; 1998:317-42.

  35. Dreyer G, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J, Piessens WF. Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective. Parasitol Today. Dec 2000;16(12):544-8. [Medline].

  36. Dunyo SK, Appawu M, Nkrumah FK, et al. Lymphatic filariasis on the coast of Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Nov-Dec 1996;90(6):634-8. [Medline].

  37. Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Laboratory diagnosis of filariasis. Clin Lab Med. Dec 1991;11(4):977-1010. [Medline].

  38. El-Shazly AM, Saker TI, El-Fayoumy KN, Aboulmagd AA, El-Ghareeb AS, Zalouk TK, et al. The kinetics of microfilaraemia and antigenaemia status among asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis before and after treatment. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. Apr 2009;39(1):191-204. [Medline].

  39. Farid HA, Morsy ZS, Helmy H, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Weil GJ. A critical appraisal of molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for assessing progress toward elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Oct 2007;77(4):593-600. [Medline].

  40. Figueredo-Silva J, Dreyer G. Bancroftian filariasis in children and adolescents: clinical-pathological observations in 22 cases from an endemic area. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. Dec 2005;99(8):759-69. [Medline].

  41. Garcia LS, Bruckner DA. Filarial nematodes. In: Diagnostic medical parasitology. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press; 1997:275-307.

  42. Gayen P, Maitra S, Datta S, Babu SP. Evidence for Wolbachia symbiosis in microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti from West Bengal, India. J Biosci. Mar 2010;35(1):73-7. [Medline].

  43. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. Oct 19 2007;82(42):361-80. [Medline].

  44. Grove DI. Tissue nematodes including trichinosis, dracunculiasis, and the filariases. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:3267-76.

  45. Helmy H, Weil GJ, Ellethy AS. Bancroftian filariasis: effect of repeated treatment with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on microfilaraemia, antigenaemia and antifilarial antibodies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Jul 2006;100(7):656-62. [Medline].

  46. Hoerauf A. Filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Dec 2008;21(6):673-81. [Medline].

  47. Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Franco-Paredes C, Ault SK, Periago MR. The neglected tropical diseases of latin america and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Sep 24 2008;2(9):e300. [Medline].

  48. Hoti SL, Pani SP, Vanamail P, Athisaya Mary K, Das LK, Das PK. Effect of a single dose of diethylcarbamazine, albendazole or both on the clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and antigenaemia among microfilaria carriers: a randomized trial. Natl Med J India. Mar-Apr 2010;23(2):72-6. [Medline].

  49. Ichimori K, Crump A. Pacific collaboration to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol. Oct 2005;21(10):441-4. [Medline].

  50. Junpee A, Tencomnao T, Sanprasert V, Nuchprayoon S. Association between Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms and asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Res. Sep 2010;107(4):807-16. [Medline].

  51. Krushna NS, Shiny C, Verma P, et al. Wuchereria bancrofti: diminished platelet activation in filarial patients. Exp Parasitol. Jun 2010;125(2):114-23. [Medline].

  52. Lammie P, Milner T, Houston R. Unfulfilled potential: using diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ. Jul 2007;85(7):545-9. [Medline].

  53. McMahon JE. The examination--time/dose interval in the provocation of nocturnally periodic microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti with diethylcarbamazine and the practical uses of the test. Tropenmed Parasitol. Mar 1982;33(1):28-30. [Medline].

  54. McMahon JE, Simonsen PE. Filariasis. In: Cook GC, ed. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 20th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1996:1321-68.

  55. Nanduri J, Kazura JW. Clinical and laboratory aspects of filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 1989;2(1):39-50. [Medline].

  56. Neva FA, Ottesen EA. Tropical (filarial) eosinophilia. N Engl J Med. May 18 1978;298(20):1129-31. [Medline].

  57. Njenga SM, Wamae CN, Njomo DW. Chronic clinical manifestations related to Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a highly endemic area in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Dec 2 2006;[Medline].

  58. Njenga SM, Wamae CN, Njomo DW, Mwandawiro CS, Molyneux DH. Chronic clinical manifestations related to Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a highly endemic area in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. May 2007;101(5):439-44. [Medline].

  59. Nutman TB. Experimental infection of humans with filariae. Rev Infect Dis. Sep-Oct 1991;13(5):1018-22. [Medline].

  60. Ottesen EA, Duke BO, Karam M, Behbehani K. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75(6):491-503. [Medline].

  61. Palumbo E. Filariasis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Acta Biomed. Aug 2008;79(2):106-9. [Medline].

  62. Ramaiah KD, Thiruvengadam B, Vanamail P, Subramanian S, Gunasekaran S, Nilamani N, et al. Prolonged persistence of residual Wuchereria bancrofti infection after cessation of diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt programme. Trop Med Int Health. Aug 2009;14(8):870-6. [Medline].

  63. Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet. Mar 25 2006;367(9515):992-9. [Medline].

  64. Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ, Rochon PA. Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review. JAMA. Oct 24 2007;298(16):1911-24. [Medline].

  65. Rwegoshora RT, Simonsen PE, Meyrowitsch DW, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Michael E, Pedersen EM. Bancroftian filariasis: house-to-house variation in the vectors and transmission -- and the relationship to human infection -- in an endemic community of coastal Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. Jan 2007;101(1):51-60. [Medline].

  66. Sabry M, Gamal H, el-Masry N, Kilpatrick ME. A placebo-controlled double-blind trial for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Sep-Oct 1991;85(5):640-3. [Medline].

  67. Satapathy AK, Sartono E, Sahoo PK. Human bancroftian filariasis: immunological markers of morbidity and infection. Microbes Infect. Aug 2006;8(9-10):2414-23. [Medline].

  68. Shaw MT, Leggat PA. A case of exposure to Bancroftian filariasis in a traveller to Thailand. Travel Med Infect Dis. Sep 2006;4(5):290-3. [Medline].

  69. Srividya A, Pani SP, Rajagopalan PK, et al. The dynamics of infection and disease in bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Mar-Apr 1991;85(2):255-9. [Medline].

  70. Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Mani TR. Impact of single dose of diethylcarbamazine and other antifilarial drug combinations on bancroftian filarial infection variables: assessment after 2 years. Parasitol Int. Sep 2006;55(3):233-6. [Medline].

  71. Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Mani TR, Munirathinam A, Dash AP, Tyagi BK. Vector control complements mass drug administration against bancroftian filariasis in Tirukoilur, India. Bull World Health Organ. Feb 2007;85(2):138-45. [Medline].

  72. Taylor AER, Denham DA. Diagnosis of filarial infections. Trop Dis Bull. 1992;89:R1-R33.

  73. Tisch DJ, Alexander ND, Kiniboro B, Dagoro H, Siba PM, Bockarie MJ, et al. Reduction in acute filariasis morbidity during a mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Jul 2011;5(7):e1241. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  74. Tisch DJ, Michael E, Kazura JW. Mass chemotherapy options to control lymphatic filariasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. Aug 2005;5(8):514-23. [Medline].

  75. Turner JD, Mand S, Debrah AY, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of a 3-week course of doxycycline plus albendazole and ivermectin for the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 15 2006;42(8):1081-9. [Medline].

  76. Vijayan VK. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Pulm Med. Sep 2007;13(5):428-33. [Medline].

  77. Wamae CN, Roberts JM, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Kinetics of circulating human IgG4 after diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin treatment of bancroftian filariasis. J Infect Dis. Jun 1992;165(6):1158-60. [Medline].

  78. Wartmann WB. Filariasis in American armed forces in World War II. Medicine. 1947;26:334-94.

  79. Wattal S, Dhariwal AC, Ralhan PK, et al. Evaluation of Og4C3 antigen ELISA as a tool for detection of bancroftian filariasis under lymphatic filariasis elimination programme. J Commun Dis. Jun 2007;39(2):75-84. [Medline].

  80. Wegesa P, McMahon JE, Abaru DE, et al. Tanzania filariasis project. Survey methodology and clinical manifestations of bancroftian filariasis. Acta Trop. Dec 1979;36(4):369-77. [Medline].

  81. Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Richards FO Jr, Eberhard ML. Changes in circulating parasite antigen levels after treatment of bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin. J Infect Dis. Oct 1991;164(4):814-6. [Medline].

  82. Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N. The ICT Filariasis Test: A rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today. Oct 1997;13(10):401-4. [Medline].

  83. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 1995: Bridging the gaps. Geneva, Switzerland:. World Health Organization;1995:[Full Text].

  84. Wynd S, Melrose WD, Durrheim DN, Carron J, Gyapong M. Understanding the community impact of lymphatic filariasis: a review of the sociocultural literature. Bull World Health Organ. Jun 2007;85(6):493-8. [Medline].

Previous
Next
 
Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti in humans and the mosquito vectors (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Mansonia species).
Filarial abscess scar of left upper thigh in a teenaged adolescent male positive for Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae.
Lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti causing limb lymphoedema, inguinal lymphadenopathy, and hydrocele. Photograph taken by Professor Bruce McMillan and donated by Dr. John Walker.
Unilateral left lower leg elephantiasis secondary to Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a male.
Unilateral lower leg elephantiasis. Note lymphedema and typical skin appearance of depigmentation and verrucosities (warty changes).
Lateral view of right outer aspect of leg of young man affected by gross elephantiasis secondary to Wuchereria bancrofti is shown. He was amicrofilaremic.
Gross elephantiasis secondary to Wuchereria bancrofti infection.
Unilateral left hydrocele and testicular enlargement secondary to Wuchereria bancrofti in a man who was also positive for microfilariae.
Bilateral hydrocele, testicular enlargement, and inguinal lymphadenopathy secondary to Wuchereria bancrofti is shown. This man was microfilaremic.
Adult worms of Wuchereria bancrofti in cross section isolated from a testicular lump.
Microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti in a peripheral blood smear.
Appearance of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti after concentration of venous blood with a Nuclepore filter.
 
 
 
All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2012 by WebMD LLC.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.