Giardiasis: Multimedia

References

1. Hill DR. Giardia lamblia. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2. 6^th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone, An Imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2005:3198-3203 / 277. [Full Text].

2. Huston CD. Intestinal Protozoa. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Volume 2. 8^th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2006:2420-2423 / 106. [Full Text].

3. Huang DB, White AC. An updated review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Jun 2006;35(2):291-314, viii. [Medline]. [Full Text].

4. Thompson RC, Palmer CS, O'Handley R. The public health and clinical significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals. Vet J. Jul 2008;177(1):18-25. [Medline]. [Full Text].

5. Thompson RC. Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential. Int J Parasitol. Nov 2000;30(12-13):1259-67. [Medline].

6. Farthing MJ. Giardiasis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Sep 1996;25(3):493-515. [Medline].

7. Sears CL. Giardiasis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Medicine. 23^rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2007:2402-2404 / 372. [Full Text].

8. Monis PT, Thompson RC. Cryptosporidium and Giardia-zoonoses: fact or fiction?. Infect Genet Evol. Nov 2003;3(4):233-44. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. Caccio SM, Ryan U. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. Aug 2008;160(2):75-80. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Minvielle MC, Molina NB, Polverino D, Basualdo JA. First genotyping of Giardia lamblia from human and animal feces in Argentina, South America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Feb 2008;103(1):98-103. [Medline]. [Full Text].

11. John CC. Giardiasis and Balantidiasis. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman BE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18^th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2007:1462-1464 / 279. [Full Text].

12. Buret AG. Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalius. Parasite. Sep 2008;15(3):261-5. [Medline].

13. Buret AG. Mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction in giardiasis. Gut. Mar 2007;56(3):316-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. Hill DR. Giardiasis. Issues in diagnosis and management. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Sep 1993;7(3):503-25. [Medline].

15. Faubert G. Immune response to Giardia duodenalis. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2000;13(1):35-54, table of contents. [Medline]. [Full Text].

16. Buret AG. Immunopathology of giardiasis: the role of lymphocytes in intestinal epithelial injury and malfunction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Mar 2005;100 Suppl 1:185-90. [Medline]. [Full Text].

17. Garcia LS. Intestinal Protozoa: Flagellates and Ciliates. In: Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 5^th ed. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; 2007:36-49 / 3.

18. Roxstrom-Lindquist K, Palm D, Reiner D, Ringqvist E, Svard SG. Giardia immunity--an update. Trends Parasitol. Jan 2006;22(1):26-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Liu C, Crawford JM. The Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7^th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2005:840 / 17. [Full Text].

20. Pickering LK. Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis). In: Long SS. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 3^rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, An imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2008:1241-1245/ 265. [Full Text].

21. Cacciò SM, Thompson RC, McLauchlin J, Smith HV. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. Sep 2005;21(9):430-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

22. Hoque ME. Giardiasis. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET. Conn's Current Therapy 2008. 60^th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, An imprint of Elsevier, Inc.; 2008:64-67 / 15. [Full Text].

23. Giangaspero A, Berrilli F, Brandonisio O. Giardia and Cryptosporidium and public health: the epidemiological scenario from the Italian perspective. Parasitol Res. Oct 2007;101(5):1169-82. [Medline]. [Full Text].

24. Dib HH, Lu SQ, Wen SF. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia with or without diarrhea in South East, South East Asia and the Far East. Parasitol Res. Jul 2008;103(2):239-51. [Medline]. [Full Text].

25. Thompson SC. Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health. Jun 1994;30(3):202-9. [Medline].

26. Laupland KB, Church DL. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large Canadian health region. BMC Infect Dis. Sep 16 2005;5:72. [Medline]. [Full Text].

27. Dawson D. Foodborne protozoan parasites. Int J Food Microbiol. Aug 25 2005;103(2):207-27. [Medline].

28. Fort GG, Mikolich DJ, Policar M. Giardiasis. In: Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2009. ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2009:358. [Full Text].

29. Strand EA, Robertson LJ, Hanevik K, Alvsvag JO, Morch K, Langeland N. Sensitivity of a Giardia antigen test in persistent giardiasis following an extensive outbreak. Clin Microbiol Infect. Nov 2008;14(11):1069-71. [Medline]. [Full Text].

30. Robertson LJ, Forberg T, Hermansen L, Gjerde BK, Langeland N. Molecular characterisation of Giardia isolates from clinical infections following a waterborne outbreak. J Infect. Jul 2007;55(1):79-88. [Medline]. [Full Text].

31. Escobedo AA, Cimerman S. Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. Aug 2007;8(12):1885-902. [Medline]. [Full Text].

32. Kiser JD, Paulson CP, Brown C. Clinical inquiries. What's the most effective treatment for giardiasis?. J Fam Pract. Apr 2008;57(4):270-2. [Medline]. [Full Text].

33. Gardner TB, Hill DR. Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2001;14(1):114-28. [Medline]. [Full Text].

34. Wright JM, Dunn LA, Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. Efficacy of antigiardial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf. Nov 2003;2(6):529-41. [Medline]. [Full Text].

35. Bailey JM, Erramouspe J. Nitazoxanide treatment for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in children. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:634-40. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Further Reading

Keywords

giardiasis, Giardia, Giardia lamblia, Giardia duodenalis, Giardia intestinalis, protozoal diarrhea, steatorrhea, malabsorption, lambliasis, chronic diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, irritability, sleep disorder, mental depression, neuroasthenia, urticaria, abdominal cramps, contaminated food, food poisoning

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Murat Hökelek, MD, PhD, Technical Consultant of Parasitology Laboratory, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Turkey
Murat Hökelek, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Turkish Society for Parasitology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Michael D Nissen, MBBS, BMedSc, FRACP, FRCPA, Associate Professor in Biomolecular, Biomedical Science & Health, Griffith University; Director of Infectious Diseases and Unit Head of Queensland Paediatric Infectious Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Viral Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital
Michael D Nissen, MBBS, BMedSc, FRACP, FRCPA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, and Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Glenn J Fennelly, MD, MPH, Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Jacobi Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Glenn J Fennelly, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

Martin Weisse, MD, Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University
Martin Weisse, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD, Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine
Robert W Tolan Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physicians for Social Responsibility
Disclosure: GlaxoSmithKline Honoraria Speaking and teaching; MedImmune Honoraria Consulting; MedImmune Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching; sanofi pasteur Grant/research funds Unrestricted research grant; sanofi pasteur  Consulting; sanofi pasteur Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Tap Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Baxter Healthcare Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD, Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: None None None