eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: General Medicine > Parasitology

Hookworm Infection: Multimedia

Author: Christopher M Watson, MD, Pediatric Critical Care Fellow, Johns Hopkins Hospital; Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Coauthor(s): Patrick W Hickey, MD, FAAP, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Oct 7, 2008

Multimedia

Life cycle of the hookworm. Courtesy of the Divis...Media file 1: Life cycle of the hookworm. Courtesy of the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Life cycle of the hookworm. Courtesy of the Divis...

Life cycle of the hookworm. Courtesy of the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Hookworm egg. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.Media file 2: Hookworm egg. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.
Hookworm egg. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.

Hookworm egg. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.

Hookworm rhabditiform larva. Courtesy of the Divi...Media file 3: Hookworm rhabditiform larva. Courtesy of the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Hookworm rhabditiform larva. Courtesy of the Divi...

Hookworm rhabditiform larva. Courtesy of the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Hookworm filariform larva. Courtesy of the Divisi...Media file 4: Hookworm filariform larva. Courtesy of the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Hookworm filariform larva. Courtesy of the Divisi...

Hookworm filariform larva. Courtesy of the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Adult <em>Ancylostoma duodenale</em> worm. Anteri...Media file 5: Adult Ancylostoma duodenale worm. Anterior end with mouth parts visible. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.
Adult <em>Ancylostoma duodenale</em> worm. Anteri...

Adult Ancylostoma duodenale worm. Anterior end with mouth parts visible. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.

Adult <em>Necator americanus</em> worm. Anterior ...Media file 6: Adult Necator americanus worm. Anterior end with mouth parts visible. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.
Adult <em>Necator americanus</em> worm. Anterior ...

Adult Necator americanus worm. Anterior end with mouth parts visible. Courtesy of Patrick W Hickey, MD.

More on Hookworm Infection

Overview: Hookworm Infection
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Hookworm Infection
Treatment & Medication: Hookworm Infection
Follow-up: Hookworm Infection
Multimedia: Hookworm Infection
References

References

  1. de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol. Dec 2003;19(12):547-51. [Medline].

  2. World Health Organization. Parasitic Diseases. WHO. Available at http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/soa_parasitic/en/index2.html. Accessed September 6, 2008.

  3. Capello M, Hotez PJ. Chapter 276: Intestinal Nematodes. In: Long SS, ed-in-chief; Pickering LK, Prober CG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Science; 2008:1298-1300.

  4. Gilles HM. Soil-transmitted Helminths (Geohelminths). In: Cook GC, Zumla AI, eds. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 2003. ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1538-60.

  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hookworm. CDC DPDx: Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Available at http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Hookworm.htm. Accessed September 6, 2008.

  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hookworm Infection. CDC. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm. Accessed September 6, 2008.

  7. Hotez PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, Xiao S. Hookworm infection. N Engl J Med. Aug 19 2004;351(8):799-807. [Medline].

  8. Hotez PJ, Bethony J, Bottazzi ME, Brooker S, Buss P. Hookworm: "the great infection of mankind". PLoS Med. Mar 2005;2(3):e67. [Medline].

  9. Quinnell RJ, Bethony J, Pritchard DI. The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection. Parasite Immunol. Nov-Dec 2004;26(11-12):443-54. [Medline].

  10. Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ. Human hookworm infection in the 21st century. Adv Parasitol. 2004;58:197-288. [Medline].

  11. Bungiro R, Cappello M. Hookworm infection: new developments and prospects for control. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Oct 2004;17(5):421-6. [Medline].

  12. AAP. Hookworm infections. In: Red Book 2006: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:374-5.

  13. Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Tielsch JM, Chwaya HM, Savioli L. Linear growth retardation in Zanzibari school children. J Nutr. Jun 1997;127(6):1099-105. [Medline].

  14. Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet. May 6 2006;367(9521):1521-32. [Medline].

  15. Stoltzfus RJ, Chway HM, Montresor A, et al. Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. J Nutr. Feb 2004;134(2):348-56. [Medline].

  16. Stoltzfus RJ, Kvalsvig JD, Chwaya HM, et al. Effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on motor and language development of preschool children in Zanzibar: double blind, placebo controlled study. BMJ. Dec 15 2001;323(7326):1389-93. [Medline].

  17. Le Huong T, Brouwer ID, Nguyen KC, Burema J, Kok FJ. The effect of iron fortification and de-worming on anaemia and iron status of Vietnamese schoolchildren. Br J Nutr. May 2007;97(5):955-62. [Medline].

  18. Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Lewis S, et al. Low efficacy of mebendazole against hookworm in Vietnam: two randomized controlled trials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Apr 2007;76(4):732-6. [Medline].

  19. Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, et al. Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Trop Med Int Health. May 1999;4(5):322-34. [Medline].

  20. Diemert DJ, Bethony JM, Hotez PJ. Hookworm vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 15 2008;46(2):282-8. [Medline].

  21. Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, et al. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: the Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. Int J Parasitol. Sep 30 2003;33(11):1245-58. [Medline].

  22. Loukas A, Bethony J, Brooker S, Hotez P. Hookworm vaccines: past, present, and future. Lancet Infect Dis. Nov 2006;6(11):733-41. [Medline].

  23. Bethony JM, Simon G, Diemert DJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the Na-ASP-2 hookworm vaccine in unexposed adults. Vaccine. May 2 2008;26(19):2408-17. [Medline].

  24. Lone FW, Qureshi RN, Emanuel F. Maternal anaemia and its impact on perinatal outcome. Trop Med Int Health. Apr 2004;9(4):486-90. [Medline].

  25. Larocque R, Casapia M, Gotuzzo E, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of antenatal mebendazole to reduce low birthweight in a hookworm-endemic area of Peru. Trop Med Int Health. Oct 2006;11(10):1485-95. [Medline].

  26. Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Chwaya HM, et al. Effects of the Zanzibar school-based deworming program on iron status of children. Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 1998;68(1):179-86. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

hookworm infection, Ancylostomatidae, ancylostomiasis, Necator americanus, N americanus, A duodenale, Ancylostoma duodenale, ground itch, anemia, malnutrition, eosinophilic enteritis, hypoproteinemia, pruritic dermatitis, Wakana syndrome, Loeffler syndrome, pulmonary infection, pica, syncope

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Christopher M Watson, MD, Pediatric Critical Care Fellow, Johns Hopkins Hospital; Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Christopher M Watson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Patrick W Hickey, MD, FAAP, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Patrick W Hickey, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Ashir Kumar, MBBS, MD, FAAP, Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, EW Sparrow Hospital
Ashir Kumar, MBBS, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from broker recommendation; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from broker recommendation

Managing Editor

Martin Weisse, MD, Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University
Martin Weisse, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD, Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine
Robert W Tolan Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physicians for Social Responsibility
Disclosure: GlaxoSmithKline Honoraria Speaking and teaching; MedImmune Honoraria Consulting; MedImmune Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching; sanofi pasteur Grant/research funds Unrestricted research grant; sanofi pasteur  Consulting; sanofi pasteur Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Tap Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD, Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: None None None

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.