Pediatric Toxocariasis Differential Diagnoses

  • Author: Robert W Tolan Jr, MD; Chief Editor: Russell W Steele, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 9, 2012
 
 

Differential Diagnoses

Proceed to Workup
 
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD  Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physicians for Social Responsibility

Disclosure: Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Coauthor(s)

Marcelo Laufer, MD  Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Attending, Miami Children's Hospital

Marcelo Laufer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Ashir Kumar, MD, MBBS, FAAP  Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Ashir Kumar, MD, MBBS, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD  Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leslie L Barton, MD  Professor Emerita of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine

Leslie L Barton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Association of Pediatric Program Directors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP  Director, Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society of Hospital Medicine

Disclosure: Baxter Honoraria Consulting

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD  Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Maruyama H, Nawa Y, Noda S, et al. An outbreak of visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum in Kyushu, Japan. Lancet. Jun 22 1996;347(9017):1766-7. [Medline].

  2. Turrientes MC, Perez de Ayala A, Norman F, Navarro M, Perez-Molina JA, Rodriquez-Ferrer M, et al. Visceral larva migrans in immigrants from latin america. Emerg Infect Dis. Jul 2011;17(7):1263-5. [Medline].

  3. Nkouawa A, Sako Y, Itoh S, et al. Serological studies of neurologic helminthic infections in rural areas of southwest cameroon: toxocariasis, cysticercosis and paragonimiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Jul 6 2010;4(7):e732. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  4. Colli CM, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Paludo ML, et al. Serological, clinical and epidemiological evaluation of toxocariasis in urban areas of south Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Apr 2010;52(2):69-74. [Medline].

  5. Espinoza YA, Huapaya PE, Roldan WH, et al. Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Andean communities from the Northeast of Lima, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Feb 2010;52(1):31-6. [Medline].

  6. Liao CW, Sukati H, D'Lamini P, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. Jan 2010;104(1):73-80. [Medline].

  7. Akdemir C. Visceral larva migrans among children in Kütahya (Turkey) and an evaluation of playgrounds for T. canis eggs. Turk J Pediatr. Mar-Apr 2010;52(2):158-62. [Medline].

  8. Elshazly AM, Attia G, El-Ghareeb AS, Belal US. Clinical varieties of Toxocariasis canis in Children's Hospital, Mansoura University: is it an underestimated problem?. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. Aug 2011;41(2):263-74. [Medline].

  9. Pinelli E, Herremans T, Harms MG, Hoek D, Kortbeek LM. Toxocara and Ascaris seropositivity among patients suspected of visceral and ocular larva migrans in the Netherlands: trends from 1998 to 2009. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Jul 2011;30(7):873-9. [Medline].

  10. Lynch NR, Eddy K, Hodgen AN, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection in tropical Venezuela. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82(2):275-81. [Medline].

  11. Hurni MA, Gerbig AW, Braathen LR, Hunziker T. Toxocariasis and Wells' syndrome: a causal relationship?. Dermatology. 1997;195(4):325-8. [Medline].

  12. Wolfrom E, Chene G, Lejoly-Boisseau H, Beylot C, Geniaux M, Taieb A. [Chronic urticaria and toxocara canis infection. A case-control study]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1996;123(4):240-6. [Medline].

  13. Bachmeyer C, Lamarque G, Morariu R, et al. Visceral larva migrans mimicking lymphoma. Chest. Apr 2003;123(4):1296-7. [Medline].

  14. Amir J, Harel L, Eidlitz-Markus T, Varsano I. Lymphedema as a presenting sign of toxocariasis. Infection. Nov-Dec 1995;23(6):389-90. [Medline].

  15. Cruz AT, Franklin GY, Kaplan SL. Toxocariasis Causing Eosinophilic Ascites. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Apr 23 2008;27(6):563-4. [Medline].

  16. Hamidou MA, Gueglio B, Cassagneau E, et al. Henoch-Schonlein purpura associated with Toxocara canis infection. J Rheumatol. Feb 1999;26(2):443-5. [Medline].

  17. De Cock C, Lemaitre J, Deuvaert FE. Loeffler endomyocarditis: a clinical presentation as right ventricular tumor. J Heart Valve Dis. Nov 1998;7(6):668-71. [Medline].

  18. Herry I, Philippe B, Hennequin C, et al. Acute life-threatening toxocaral tamponade. Chest. Dec 1997;112(6):1692-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  19. Tobin EH, Zhang J, Maton B. Meningoencephalitis and visceral larva migrans in a woman with intense exposure to cats. Infect Dis Clin Pract. May, 2011;19(3):221-2.

  20. Salvador S, Ribeiro R, Winckler MI, Ohlweiler L, Riesgo R. Pediatric neurotoxocariasis with concomitant cerebral, cerebellar, and peripheral nervous system involvement: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr (Rio J). Nov-Dec 2010;86(6):531-4. [Medline].

  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ocular toxocariasis--United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jun 10 2011;60(22):734-6. [Medline].

  22. Ocular toxocariasis--United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jun 10 2011;60(22):734-6. [Medline].

  23. Stewart JM, Cubillan LD, Cunningham ET. Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of vision loss among patients with ocular toxocariasis. Retina. Dec 2005;25(8):1005-13. [Medline].

  24. Abo-Shehada MN, Sharif L, el-Sukhon SN, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in humans in northern Jordan. J Helminthol. Mar 1992;66(1):75-8. [Medline].

  25. Agudelo C, Villareal E, Caceres E, et al. Human and dogs Toxocara canis infection in a poor neighborhood in Bogota. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Jan-Mar 1990;85(1):75-8. [Medline].

  26. Akao N, Ohta N. Toxocariasis in Japan. Parasitol Int. Jun 2007;56(2):87-93. [Medline].

  27. Altcheh J, Nallar M, Conca M, et al. [Toxocariasis: clinical and laboratory features in 54 patients]. An Pediatr (Barc). May 2003;58(5):425-31. [Medline].

  28. American Academy of Pediatrics. Toxocariasis (Visceral Larva Migrans, Ocular Larva Migrans). In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009:666-7.

  29. Arango CA. Visceral larva migrans and the hypereosinophilia syndrome. South Med J. Sep 1998;91(9):882-3. [Medline].

  30. Arpino C, Gattinara GC, Piergili D, Curatolo P. Toxocara infection and epilepsy in children: a case-control study. Epilepsia. Jan-Feb 1990;31(1):33-6. [Medline].

  31. Ashwath ML, Robinson DR, Katner HP. A presumptive case of toxocariasis associated with eosinophilic pleural effusion: case report and literature review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Dec 2004;71(6):764. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  32. Toxocariasis. In: Spector JM, Gibson TE. Atlas of Pediatrics in the Tropics and Resource-Limited Settings. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009:249-251.

  33. Baldisserotto M, Conchin CF, Soares Mda G, et al. Ultrasound findings in children with toxocariasis: report on 18 cases. Pediatr Radiol. May 1999;29(5):316-9. [Medline].

  34. Bass JL, Mehta KA, Glickman LT, et al. Asymptomatic toxocariasis in children. A prospective study and treatment trial. Clin Pediatr (Phila). Sep 1987;26(9):441-6. [Medline].

  35. Bede O, Szénási Z, Danka J, Gyurkovits K, Nagy D. Toxocariasis associated with chronic cough in childhood: a longitudinal study in Hungary. J Helminthol. Dec 2008;82(4):357-63. [Medline].

  36. Beiran I, Cochavi O, Miller B. "Silent" ocular toxocariasis. Eur J Ophthalmol. Jul-Sep 1998;8(3):195-6. [Medline].

  37. Buijs J, Borsboom G, van Gemund JJ, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence in 5-year-old elementary schoolchildren: relation with allergic asthma. Am J Epidemiol. Nov 1 1994;140(9):839-47. [Medline].

  38. Carvalho EA, Rocha RL. Toxocariasis: visceral larva migrans in children. J Pediatr (Rio J). Mar-Apr 2011;87(2):100-10. [Medline].

  39. Chang S, Lim JH, Choi D, et al. Hepatic visceral larva migrans of Toxocara canis: CT and sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Dec 2006;187(6):W622-9. [Medline].

  40. Cianferoni A, Schneider L, Schantz PM, et al. Visceral larva migrans associated with earthworm ingestion: clinical evolution in an adolescent patient. Pediatrics. Feb 2006;117(2):e336-9. [Medline].

  41. Cilla G, Perez-Trallero E, Gutierrez C, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in middle-class and disadvantaged children in northern Spain (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country). Eur J Epidemiol. Oct 1996;12(5):541-3. [Medline].

  42. Dauriac-Le Masson V, Chochon F, Demeret S, Pierrot-Deseilligny C. Toxocara canis meningomyelitis. J Neurol. Oct 2005;252(10):1267-8. [Medline].

  43. Despommier D. Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. Apr 2003;16(2):265-72. [Medline].

  44. Eberhard ML, Alfano E. Adult Toxocara cati infections in U.S. children: report of four cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Sep 1998;59(3):404-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  45. Eberhardt O, Bialek R, Nagele T, Dichgans J. Eosinophilic meningomyelitis in toxocariasis: case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. Aug 2005;107(5):432-8. [Medline].

  46. Elefant GR, Shimizu SH, Sanchez MC, et al. A serological follow-up of toxocariasis patients after chemotherapy based on the detection of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Lab Anal. 20(4):164-72. [Medline].

  47. Fenoy S, Cuellar C, Guillen JL. Serological evidence of toxocariasis in patients from Spain with a clinical suspicion of visceral larva migrans. J Helminthol. Mar 1997;71(1):9-12. [Medline].

  48. Fenoy S, Cuellar C, Guillen JL. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in children and adults in Madrid and Tenerife, Spain. J Helminthol. Jun 1996;70(2):109-13. [Medline].

  49. Fortenberry JD, Kenney RD, Younger J. Visceral larva migrans producing static encephalopathy in an infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. May 1991;10(5):403-6. [Medline].

  50. Frazier M, Anderson ML, Sophocleous S. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis with albendezole: a case report. Optometry. Apr 2009;80(4):175-80. [Medline].

  51. Gavignet B, Piarroux R, Aubin F, Millon L, Humbert P. Cutaneous manifestations of human toxocariasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Dec 2008;59(6):1031-42. [Medline].

  52. Glickman LT, Schantz PM. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of zoonotic toxocariasis. Epidemiol Rev. 1981;3:230-50. [Medline].

  53. Good B, Holland CV, Taylor MR, et al. Ocular toxocariasis in schoolchildren. Clin Infect Dis. Jul 15 2004;39(2):173-8. [Medline].

  54. Gotistein B, Piarroux R. Current trends in tissue-affecting helminths. Parasite. Sep 2008;15(3):291-8. [Medline].

  55. Gould IM, Newell S, Green SH, George RH. Toxocariasis and eosinophilic meningitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). Nov 2 1985;291(6504):1239-40. [Medline].

  56. Graeff-Teixeira C, da Silva AC, Yoshimura K. Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev. Apr 2009;22(2):322-48, Table of Contents. [Medline].

  57. Havasiova K, Dubinsky P, Stefancikova A. A seroepidemiological study of human Toxocara infection in the Slovak Republic. J Helminthol. Dec 1993;67(4):291-6. [Medline].

  58. Hayashi K, Tahara H, Yamashita K, et al. Hepatic imaging studies on patients with visceral larva migrans due to probable Ascaris suum infection. Abdom Imaging. Sep-Oct 1999;24(5):465-9. [Medline].

  59. Heldrich FJ, Garg PP. Eosinophilic meningitis. Md Med J. Feb 1988;37(2):138-40. [Medline].

  60. Hill IR, Denham DA, Scholtz CL. Toxocara canis larvae in the brain of a British child. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79(3):351-4. [Medline].

  61. Humbert P, Niezborala M, Salembier R, et al. Skin manifestations associated with toxocariasis: a case-control study. Dermatology. 2000;201(3):230-4. [Medline].

  62. Iddawela RD, Rajapakse RP, Perera NA, Agatsuma T. Characterization of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory antigen (TcES-57) and development of a double sandwich ELISA for diagnosis of visceral larva migrans. Korean J Parasitol. Mar 2007;45(1):19-26. [Medline].

  63. Inan M, Sakru N, Vatansever U, Bilgi S. Visceral larva migrans presenting as acute abdomen in a child. J Pediatr Surg. 41(3):e7-9. [Medline].

  64. Inatomi Y, Murakami T, Tokunaga M, et al. Encephalopathy caused by visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum. J Neurol Sci. Apr 1 1999;164(2):195-9. [Medline].

  65. Jain R, Sawhney S, Bhargava DK, et al. Hepatic granulomas due to visceral larva migrans in adults: appearance on US and MRI. Abdom Imaging. May-Jun 1994;19(3):253-6. [Medline].

  66. Jeanfaivre T, Cimon B, Tolstuchow N, et al. Pleural effusion and toxocariasis. Thorax. Jan 1996;51(1):106-7. [Medline].

  67. Kaushik SP, Hurwitz M, McDonald C, Pavli P. Toxocara canis infection and granulomatous hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Jul 1997;92(7):1223-5. [Medline].

  68. Kayes SG. Human toxocariasis and the visceral larva migrans syndrome: correlative immunopathology. Chem Immunol. 1997;66:99-124. [Medline].

  69. Kraus A, Valencia X, Cabral AR, de la Vega G. Visceral larva migrans mimicking rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. Mar 1995;22(3):497-500. [Medline].

  70. Krcmery V Jr, Gould I, Sobota K, Spanik S. Two cases of disseminated toxocariasis in compromised hosts successfully treated with mebendazole. Chemotherapy. 1992;38(5):367-8. [Medline].

  71. Kumar J, Kimm J. MR in Toxocara canis myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Nov 1994;15(10):1918-20. [Medline].

  72. Lassmann B, Tsigrelis C, Virk A. 33-year-old woman with marked eosinophilia. Mayo Clin Proc. Jan 2007;82(1):103-6. [Medline].

  73. Li MW, Lin RQ, Song HQ, Wu XY, Zhu XQ. The complete mitochondrial genomes for three Toxocara species of human and animal health significance. BMC Genomics. May 16 2008;9:224. [Medline].

  74. Lim JH. Toxocariasis of the liver: visceral larva migrans. Abdom Imaging. Mar-Apr 2008;33(2):151-6. [Medline].

  75. Ljungstrom I. Toxocara canis. In: Akuffo H, Linder E, Ljungstrom I, Wahlgren M. Parasites of the Colder Climates. London and New York: Taylor & Francis; 2003:187-194.

  76. Magnaval JF, Galindo V, Glickman LT, Clanet M. Human Toxocara infection of the central nervous system and neurological disorders: a case-control study. Parasitology. Nov 1997;115(Pt 5):537-43. [Medline].

  77. Matos M de F, Militao DN, Brum MA, et al. Presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children selected at Hospital Universitario, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Jan-Feb 1997;39(1):49-50. [Medline].

  78. Matsuki Y, Fujii T, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, et al. Toxocariasis presenting with multiple effusions in the pericardial space, thoracic cavity, and Morrison's pouch. Intern Med. 2007;46(12):913-4. [Medline].

  79. Mikhael NZ, Montpetit VJ, Orizaga M, et al. Toxocara canis infestation with encephalitis. Can J Neurol Sci. May 1974;1(2):114-20. [Medline].

  80. Mimoso MG, Pereira MC, Estevao MH, et al. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis. Eur J Pediatr. Sep 1993;152(9):783-4. [Medline].

  81. Moiyadi A, Mahadevan A, Anandh B, et al. Visceral larva migrans presenting as multiple intracranial and intraspinal abscesses. Neuropathology. Aug 2007;27(4):371-4. [Medline].

  82. Monsel G, Caumes E. Recent developments in dermatological syndromes in returning travelers. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Oct 2008;21(5):495-9. [Medline].

  83. Montalvo AM, Espino AM, Escalante G, Finlay CM. [Study of the seroprevalence of toxocariasis in an infantile population in the City of Havana]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1994;46(3):156-8. [Medline].

  84. Moreira-Silva SF, Leao ME, Mendonca HF, Pereira FE. Prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in a random sample of inpatients at a children's hospital in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Jul-Aug 1998;40(4):259-61. [Medline].

  85. Nathwani D, Laing RB, Currie PF. Covert toxocariasis--a cause of recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Br J Clin Pract. Winter 1992;46(4):271. [Medline].

  86. Nelson S, Greene T, Ernhart CB. Toxocara canis infection in preschool age children: risk factors and the cognitive development of preschool children. Neurotoxicol Teratol. Mar-Apr 1996;18(2):167-74. [Medline].

  87. Ota KV, Dimaras H, Héon E, Babyn PS, Yau YC, Read S, et al. Toxocariasis mimicking liver, lung, and spinal cord metastases from retinoblastoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Mar 2009;28(3):252-4. [Medline].

  88. Oteifa NM, Moustafa MA, Elgozamy BM. Toxocariasis as a possible cause of allergic diseases in children. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. Aug 1998;28(2):365-72. [Medline].

  89. Patel H, Goldstein D. Pediatric uveitis. Pediatr Clin North Am. Feb 2003;50(1):125-36. [Medline].

  90. Petithory JC. [Immunologic diagnosis of ocular larva migrans syndrome]. Ophtalmologie. May-Jun 1990;4(3):298-300. [Medline].

  91. Rai SK, Uga S, Ono K, et al. Seroepidemiological study of Toxocara infection in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Jun 1996;27(2):286-90. [Medline].

  92. Rayes AA, Lambertucci JR. Visceral larva migrans and pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Gastroenterol. Apr 1999;94(4):1116. [Medline].

  93. Reilly A, Becker J, Meyer J, Rackoff W. Hypereosinophilia [clinical conference]. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1992;20(3):232-9. [Medline].

  94. Roig J, Romeu J, Riera C, et al. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia due to toxocariasis with bronchoalveolar lavage findings. Chest. Jul 1992;102(1):294-6. [Medline].

  95. Roldán WH, Espinoza YA. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot test for the confirmatory serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. May 2009;104(3):411-8. [Medline].

  96. Romeu J, Roig J, Bada JL, et al. Adult human toxocariasis acquired by eating raw snails. J Infect Dis. Aug 1991;164(2):438. [Medline].

  97. Sabrosa NA, de Souza EC. Nematode infections of the eye: toxocariasis and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Dec 2001;12(6):450-4. [Medline].

  98. Sabrosa NA, Zajdenweber M. Nematode infections of the eye: toxocariasis, onchocerciasis, diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis, and cysticercosis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. Sep 2002;15(3):351-6. [Medline].

  99. Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, et al. Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(6):1697-702. [Medline].

  100. Sane AC, Barber BA. Pulmonary nodules due to Toxocara canis infection in an immunocompetent adult. South Med J. Jan 1997;90(1):78-9. [Medline].

  101. Saporito L, Scarlata F, Colomba C, Infurnari L, Giordano S, Titone L. Human toxocariasis: a report of nine cases. Acta Paediatr. Sep 2008;97(9):1301-2. [Medline].

  102. Sharkey JA, McKay PS. Ocular toxocariasis in a patient with repeatedly negative ELISA titre to Toxocara canis. Br J Ophthalmol. Apr 1993;77(4):253-4. [Medline].

  103. Small KW, McCuen BW 2d, de Juan E Jr, Machemer R. Surgical management of retinal traction caused by toxocariasis. Am J Ophthalmol. Jul 15 1989;108(1):10-4. [Medline].

  104. Sturchler D, Schubarth P, Gualzata M, et al. Thiabendazole vs. albendazole in treatment of toxocariasis: a clinical trial. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. Oct 1989;83(5):473-8. [Medline].

  105. Szczepanski T, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Janik-Moszant A, Olejnik I. Generalized lymphadenopathy as initial presentation of toxocariasis in a seven-year-old boy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Aug 1996;15(8):717-8. [Medline].

  106. Taylor MR, Keane CT, O'Connor P, Mulvihill E, Holland C. The expanded spectrum of toxocaral disease. Lancet. Mar 26 1988;1(8587):692-5. [Medline].

  107. Taylor MR, O'Connor P, Hinson AR, Smith HV. Toxocara titres in maternal and cord blood. J Infect. May 1996;32(3):231-3. [Medline].

  108. Torgerson PR, Rosenheim K, Tanner I, Ziadinov I, Grimm F, Brunner M, et al. Echinococcosis, toxocarosis and toxoplasmosis screening in a rural community in eastern Kazakhstan. Trop Med Int Health. Mar 2009;14(3):341-8. [Medline].

  109. Uhlikova M, Hubner J. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection in Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health. Aug 1998;6(3):195-8. [Medline].

  110. Vidal JE, Sztajnbok J, Seguro AC. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis: case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Sep 2003;69(3):341-3. [Medline].

  111. Villano M, Cerillo A, Narciso N, et al. A rare case of Toxocara canis arachnoidea. J Neurosurg Sci. Jan-Mar 1992;36(1):67-9. [Medline].

  112. Walker MD, Zunt JR. Neuroparasitic infections: nematodes. Semin Neurol. Sep 2005;25(3):252-61. [Medline].

  113. Walsh SS, Robson WJ, Hart CA. Acute transient myositis due to Toxocara. Arch Dis Child. Sep 1988;63(9):1087-8. [Medline].

  114. Wells DL. Public understanding of toxocariasis. Public Health. Mar 2007;121(3):187-8. [Medline].

  115. Wolfrom E, Chene G, Boisseau H, et al. Chronic urticaria and Toxocara canis. Lancet. Jan 21 1995;345(8943):196. [Medline].

  116. Xinou E, Lefkopoulos A, Gelagoti M, et al. CT and MR imaging findings in cerebral toxocaral disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Apr 2003;24(4):714-8. [Medline].

  117. Zachariah SB, Zachariah B, Varghese R. Neuroimaging studies of cerebral "visceral larva migrans" syndrome. J Neuroimaging. Jan 1994;4(1):39-40. [Medline].

  118. Zygulska-Mach H, Krukar-Baster K, Ziobrowski S. Ocular toxocariasis in children and youth. Doc Ophthalmol. 1993;84(2):145-54. [Medline].

 
Previous
Next
 
Diagram of the Toxocara canis life cycle image. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Toxocara canis eggs are passed in dog feces, especially puppies' feces. Humans do not produce or excrete eggs; therefore, the presence of these eggs is not a diagnostic finding in human toxocariasis. The egg to the left is fertilized but not yet embryonated, whereas the egg to the right contains a well-developed larva. The latter egg is infectious if it is ingested by a human (frequently, a child). Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 
 
 
All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2012 by WebMD LLC.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.