Gasser CR, Pellaton R, Rochat CP. Pediatric Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: Narrative Literature Review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Feb 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jennings S, Peeceeyen S, Horton M. Tension pneumomediastinum after blunt chest trauma. ANZ J Surg. 2013 Oct 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zylak CM, Standen JR, Barnes GR, Zylak CJ. Pneumomediastinum revisited. Radiographics. 2000 Jul-Aug. 20(4):1043-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Carolan PL, Wright SL, Jha V. Spontaneous pneumorrhachis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Apr. 29(4):508-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Behr G, Mema E, Costa K, Garg A. Proportion and Clinical Relevance of Intraspinal Air in Patients With Pneumomediastinum. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018 Aug. 211 (2):321-326. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Liu YW, Kao CN, Wang YM. Pneumorrhachis: an under-recognized entity correlates with severity of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. J Thorac Dis. 2018 Feb. 10 (2):E149-E151. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wong KS, Wu HM, Lai SH, Chiu CY. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: analysis of 87 pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Sep. 29(9):988-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gasser CR, Pellaton R, Rochat CP. Pediatric Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: Narrative Literature Review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017 May. 33 (5):370-374. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jones R, Kundrotas L. "HOOAH!" A case of pneumomediastinum in the military training environment; Hamman's sign 71 years later. Mil Med. 2011 Mar. 176(3):352-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sadarangani S, Patel DR, Pejka S. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and epidural pneumatosis in an adolescent precipitated by weight lifting: a case report and review. Phys Sportsmed. 2009 Dec. 37(4):147-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vazquez JL, Vazquez I, Gonzalez ML, Garcia-Tejedor JL, Reparaz A. Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax as presenting signs in severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Pediatr Radiol. 2007 Dec. 37(12):1286-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Megremis S, Stefanaki S, Tsekoura T, Tsilimigaki A. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a child: sonographic detection in a case with minimal findings on chest radiography. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Feb. 27(2):303-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lin HW, Kakarala K, Ostrower ST, Leonard DS. Laryngotracheobronchitis complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 Feb. 74(2):221-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hasegawa M, Hashimoto K, Morozumi M, Ubukata K, Takahashi T, Inamo Y. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum complicating pneumonia in children infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Feb. 16(2):195-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Elhakim TS, Abdul HS, Pelaez Romero C, Rodriguez-Fuentes Y. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 pneumonia: a rare case and literature review. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Dec 12. 13 (12):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Zhou C, Gao C, Xie Y, Xu M. COVID-19 with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Apr. 20 (4):510. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Rezende-Neto JB, Hoffmann J, Al Mahroos M, Tien H, Hsee LC, Spencer Netto F, et al. Occult pneumomediastinum in blunt chest trauma: clinical significance. Injury. 2010 Jan. 41(1):40-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chalumeau M, Le Clainche L, Sayeg N, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001 Jan. 31(1):67-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stack AM, Caputo GL. Pneumomediastinum in childhood asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996 Apr. 12(2):98-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vianello A, Caminati M, Chieco-Bianchi F, Marchi MR, Vio S, Arcaro G, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum complicating severe acute asthma exacerbation in adult patients. J Asthma. 2017 Oct 9. 1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Weg JG, Anzueto A, Balk RA, et al. The relation of pneumothorax and other air leaks to mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 5. 338(6):341-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Muckart DJJ, Hardcastle TC, Skinner DL. Pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium following blunt thoracic trauma: much ado about nothing?. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2018 Apr 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Briassoulis GC, Venkataraman ST, Vasilopoulos AG, et al. Air leaks from the respiratory tract in mechanically ventilated children with severe respiratory disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000 Feb. 29(2):127-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Esayag Y, Furer V, Izbicki G. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: is a chest X-ray enough? A single-center case series. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Aug-Sep. 10(8-9):575-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee CY, Wu CC, Lin CY. Etiologies of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children of different ages. Pediatr Neonatol. 2009 Oct. 50(5):190-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Damore DT, Dayan PS. Medical causes of pneumomediastinum in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2001 Feb. 40(2):87-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
MacKnight JM, Mistry DJ. Chest Pain in the Athlete: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment. Lawless CE. Sports Cardiology Essentials. New York: Springer; 2011. 115-140.
Kim KS, Jeon HW, Moon Y, Kim YD, Ahn MI, Park JK, et al. Clinical experience of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: diagnosis and treatment. J Thorac Dis. 2015 Oct. 7 (10):1817-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Majerus CR, Tredway TL, Yun NK, Gerard JM. Utility of Chest Radiographs in Children Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department With Acute Asthma Exacerbation and Chest Pain. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Sep 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Okada M, Adachi H, Shibuya Y, Ishikawa S, Hamabe Y. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Respir Investig. 2014 Jan. 52(1):36-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Walsh-Kelly C, Kelly KJ. Dysphonia: an unusual presentation of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1986 Mar. 2(1):26-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Huon LK, Chang YL, Wang PC, Chen PY. Head and neck manifestations of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 Jan. 146(1):53-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chalumeau M, Le Clainche L, Sayeg N, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001 Jan. 31(1):67-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hochlehnert A, Löwe B, Bludau HB, Borst M, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in anorexia nervosa: a case report and review of the literature on pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2010 Mar. 18(2):107-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Makdsi F, Kolade VO. Diabetic ketoacidosis with pneumomediastinum: a case report. Cases J. 2009 Sep 9. 2:8095. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Kouki S, Fares AA. Postpartum spontaneous pneumomediastinum 'Hamman's syndrome'. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Sep 3. 2013:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Perna V, Vilà E, Guelbenzu JJ, Amat I. Pneumomediastinum: is this really a benign entity? When it can be considered as spontaneous? Our experience in 47 adult patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 Mar. 37(3):573-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sahni S, Verma S, Grullon J, Esquire A, Patel P, Talwar A. Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: Time for Consensus. N Am J Med Sci. 2013 Aug. 5(8):460-464. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Banki F, Estrera AL, Harrison RG, Miller CC 3rd, Leake SS, Mitchell KG, et al. Pneumomediastinum: etiology and a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Am J Surg. 2013 Dec. 206(6):1001-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vanden Berghe S, Devlies F, Seynaeve P. The Spinnaker-Sail Sign: Neonatal Pneumomediastinum. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2018 Aug 7. 102 (1):51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Popik E, Barroso F, Domingues S, Araújo LN, Carvalho C, Fonte M. Spontaneous neonatal pneumomediastinum and spinnaker-sail sign. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Nov. 54 (11):1273. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ho AS, Ahmed A, Huang JS, Menias CO, Bhalla S. Multidetector Computed Tomography of Spontaneous Versus Secondary Pneumomediastinum in 89 Patients: Can Multidetector Computed Tomography be Used to Reliably Distinguish Between the 2 Entities?. J Thorac Imaging. 2012 Mar. 27(2):85-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dissanaike S, Shalhub S, Jurkovich GJ. The evaluation of pneumomediastinum in blunt trauma patients. J Trauma. 2008 Dec. 65(6):1340-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee WS, Chong VE, Victorino GP. Computed Tomographic Findings and Mortality in Patients With Pneumomediastinum From Blunt Trauma. JAMA Surg. 2015 Aug. 150 (8):757-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wu CH, Chen CM, Chen CC, Wong YC, Wang CJ, Lo WC, et al. Esophagography after pneumomediastinum without CT findings of esophageal perforation: is it necessary?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Nov. 201(5):977-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Castellote A, Vazquez E, Vera J, et al. Cervicothoracic lesions in infants and children. Radiographics. 1999 May-Jun. 19(3):583-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Macia I, Moya J, Ramos R, et al. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 41 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jun. 31(6):1110-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Neal MD, Sippey M, Gaines BA, Hackam DJ. Presence of pneumomediastinum after blunt trauma in children: what does it really mean?. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Jul. 44(7):1322-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee CY, Wu CC, Lin CY. Etiologies of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children of different ages. Pediatr Neonatol. 2009 Oct. 50(5):190-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Haam SJ, Lee JG, Kim DJ, Chung KY, Park IK. Oesophagography and oesophagoscopy are not necessary in patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Emerg Med J. 2010 Jan. 27(1):29-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cunningham LC, Jatana KR, Grischkan JM. Conservative management of iatrogenic membranous tracheal wall injury: a discussion of 2 successful pediatric cases. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Apr. 139(4):405-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chau HH, Kwok PC, Lai AK, et al. Percutaneous relief of tension pneumomediastinum in a child. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003 Nov-Dec. 26(6):561-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Bethesda (MD): Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA); 2008.
Fitzwater JW, Silva NN, Knight CG, Malvezzi L, Ramos-Irizarry C, Burnweit CA. Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Jun. 50(6):983-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bagga B, Kumar A, Chahal A, Gamanagatti S, Kumar S. Traumatic Airway Injuries: Role of Imaging. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2018 Oct 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ehmann MR, Paziana K, Stolbach AI. Case Series: Pneumorrhachis Secondary to Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum. J Emerg Med. 2016 Feb. 50 (2):e43-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].