Vandenplas Y and Rudolph C. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009. 49:498-547.
de Benedictis FM, Carnielli VP, de Benedictis D. Aspiration lung disease. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009 Feb. 56(1):173-90, xi. [Medline].
Callahan CW. Increased gastroesophageal reflux in infants: can history provide an explanation?. Acta Paediatr. 1998 Dec. 87(12):1219-23. [Medline].
Callahan CW, Sisler C. Use of seating devices in infants too young to sit. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997 Mar. 151(3):233-5. [Medline].
Callahan CW. The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in hospitalized infants: 1971-1995. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 Jan. 98(1):32-4. [Medline].
Orenstein D. Aspiration pneumonias and gastroesophageal reflux - related respiratory disease. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 15th ed. Elsevier Science. 1996:1213-1215.
Orenstein SR. Gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatr Rev. 1999 Jan. 20(1):24-8. [Medline].
Orenstein SR, Orenstein DM. Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disease in children. J Pediatr. 1988 Jun. 112(6):847-58. [Medline].
Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. One-year follow-up of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec. 102(6):E67. [Medline].
Richter JE. Extraesophageal presentations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 1997 Apr. 8(2):75-89. [Medline].
Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jan. 113(1):11-28; quiz 29. [Medline].
Sheikh S, Allen E, Shell R, Hruschak J, Iram D, Castile R, et al. Chronic aspiration without gastroesophageal reflux as a cause of chronic respiratory symptoms in neurologically normal infants. Chest. 2001 Oct. 120(4):1190-5. [Medline].
Gurberg J, Birnbaum R, Daniel S. Laryngeal penetration of videofluoroscopic swallowing study is associated with increased pneumonia in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2015. 79:1827-1830.
Yoshikawa H, Yamazaki S, Abe T. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. Brain Dev. 2005 Sep. 27(6):395-9. [Medline].
Kohda E, Hisazumi H, Hiramatsu K. Swallowing dysfunction and aspiration in neonates and infants. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1994. 517:11-6. [Medline].
Carre IJ. The natural history of the partial thoracic stomach (hiatus hernia) in children. Arch Dis Child. 1959 Aug. 34:344-53. [Medline].
Model J, Boysen P. Pulmonary aspirations of stomach contents. In: The Society of Critical Care Medicine Textbook of Critical Care. Philadelphia, Pa:. WB Saunders Co. 1984:272-274.
Albanese CT, Towbin RB, Ulman I, Lewis J, Smith SD. Percutaneous gastrojejunostomy versus Nissen fundoplication for enteral feeding of the neurologically impaired child with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr. 1993 Sep. 123(3):371-5. [Medline].
Jancelewicz T, Lopez M, Downard C, et al. Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2016.
Takamizawa S, Tsugawa C, Nishijima E, Muraji T, Satoh S. Laryngotracheal separation for intractable aspiration pneumonia in neurologically impaired children: experience with 11 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 2003 Jun. 38(6):975-7. [Medline].
Campanozzi A, Boccia G, Pensabene L, Panetta F, Marseglia A, Strisciuglio P. Prevalence and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux: pediatric prospective survey. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar. 123(3):779-83. [Medline].
Chang AB. Cough: are children really different to adults?. Cough. 2005 Sep 20. 1:7. [Medline].
Darrow DH, Harley CM. Evaluation of swallowing disorders in children. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998 Jun. 31(3):405-18. [Medline].
Derkay CS, Schechter GL. Anatomy and physiology of pediatric swallowing disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998 Jun. 31(3):397-404. [Medline].
Goldsobel AB, Chipps BE. Cough in the pediatric population. J Pediatr. 2010 Mar. 156(3):352-8. [Medline].
Harding SM, Richter JE. The role of gastroesophageal reflux in chronic cough and asthma. Chest. 1997 May. 111(5):1389-402. [Medline].
Irwin RS, Boulet LP, Cloutier MM, et al. Managing cough as a defense mechanism and as a symptom. A consensus panel report of the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest. 1998 Aug. 114(2 Suppl Managing):133S-181S. [Medline].
Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1. 344(9):665-71. [Medline].
Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during childhood: a pediatric practice-based survey. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Feb. 154(2):150-4. [Medline].
Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. A pediatric practice-based survey. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997 Jun. 151(6):569-72. [Medline].
Nelson W, Behrman RE, Kliegman RM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 15th ed. Elsevier Science; 1996. 1052-4.
Sheikh S, Stephen T, Howell L, Eid N. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants with wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999 Sep. 28(3):181-6. [Medline].
Shepherd RW, Wren J, Evans S, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in children. Clinical profile, course and outcome with active therapy in 126 cases. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1987 Feb. 26(2):55-60. [Medline].
[Guideline] Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan. 129(1 Suppl):154S-168S. [Medline].
Spitzer AR, Boyle JT, Tuchman DN, Fox WW. Awake apnea associated with gastroesophageal reflux: a specific clinical syndrome. J Pediatr. 1984 Feb. 104(2):200-5. [Medline].
Strople J, Kaul A. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease--current perspectives. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec. 11(6):447-51. [Medline].
Ward C, Forrest IA, Brownlee IA et al. Pepsin like activity in BAL is suggestive of gastric aspiration in lung allografts. Thorax. 2005. 60:872-874.
Young MA, Reynolds JC. Respiratory complications of gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998 Dec. 27(4):721-46. [Medline].