Pediatric Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Differential Diagnoses

1. Sharp GC, Irvin WS, Tan EM, et al. Mixed connective tissue disease--an apparently distinct rheumatic disease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Am J Med. 1972 Feb. 52(2):148-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Alarcon-Segovia D, Villareal M. Classification and diagnostic criteria for mixed connective tissue disease. Kasukawa R, Sharp GC, eds. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Anti-nuclear Antibodies. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1987. 33-40.

3. Kasukawa R, Tojo T, Miyawaki S. Preliminary diagnostic criteria for classification of mixed connective tissue disease. Kasukawa R, Sharp GC, eds. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Anti-nuclear Antibodies. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1987. 41-7.

4. Mairesse N, Kahn MF, Appelboom T. Antibodies to the constitutive 73-kd heat shock protein: a new marker of mixed connective tissue disease?. Am J Med. 1993 Dec. 95(6):595-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Nowicka-Sauer K, Czuszynska Z, Majkowicz M, et al. Neuropsychological assessment in mixed connective tissue disease: comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2012 Aug. 21 (9):927-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Berard RA, Laxer RM. Pediatric Mixed Connective Tissue Disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016 May. 18 (5):28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Tarvin SE, O'Neil KM. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren Syndrome, and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018 Aug. 65 (4):711-737. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Sharp G. The origin of mixed connective tissue disease: a stimulus for autoimmune disease research. Lupus. 2009. 18(12):1031-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Michels H. Course of mixed connective tissue disease in children. Ann Med. 1997 Oct. 29(5):359-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Tsai YY, Yang YH, Yu HH, Wang LC, Lee JH, Chiang BL. Fifteen-year experience of pediatric-onset mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Jan. 29 (1):53-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Witczak BN, Hetlevik SO, Sanner H, et al. Effect on cardiac function of longstanding juvenile-onset mixed connective tissue disease: a controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2019 Jul. 46 (7):739-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Knight A, Weiss P, Morales K, Gerdes M, Gutstein A, Vickery M, et al. Depression and anxiety and their association with healthcare utilization in pediatric lupus and mixed connective tissue disease patients: a cross-sectional study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2014. 12:42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Ortega-Hernandez OD, Shoenfeld Y. Mixed connective tissue disease: An overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012 Feb. 26(1):61-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Tanaka Y, Kuwana M, Fujii T, et al. 2019 Diagnostic criteria for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD): From the Japan research committee of the ministry of health, labor, and welfare for systemic autoimmune diseases. Mod Rheumatol. 2021 Jan. 31 (1):29-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Malleson PN, Mackinnon MJ, Sailer-Hoeck M, Spencer CH. Review for the generalist: The antinuclear antibody test in children - When to use it and what to do with a positive titer. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2010 Oct 20. 8:27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Hetlevik SO, Flatø B, Aaløkken TM, et al. Pulmonary Manifestations and Progression of Lung Disease in Juvenile-onset Mixed Connective Tissue Disease. J Rheumatol. 2019 Jan. 46 (1):93-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Ingegnoli F, Zeni S, Gerloni V, Fantini F. Capillaroscopic observations in childhood rheumatic diseases and healthy controls. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Nov-Dec. 23(6):905-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Hughes M, Moore T, O'Leary N, Tracey A, Ennis H, Dinsdale G, et al. A study comparing videocapillaroscopy and dermoscopy in the assessment of nailfold capillaries in patients with systemic sclerosis-spectrum disorders. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Aug. 54 (8):1435-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Pizzorni C, Giampetruzzi AR, Mondino C, Facchiano A, Abeni D, Paolino S, et al. Nailfold capillaroscopic parameters and skin telangiectasia patterns in patients with systemic sclerosis. Microvasc Res. 2017 May. 111:20-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Biro E, Szekanecz Z, Czirjak L, et al. Association of systemic and thyroid autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 2006 Mar. 25(2):240-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Devenyi K, et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 May. 44(5):656-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Ito S, Nakamura T, Kurosawa R, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Mori M. Glomerulonephritis in children with mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Nephrol. 2006 Sep. 66(3):160-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Mier R, Ansell B, Hall MA, et al. Long term follow-up of children with mixed connective tissue disease. Lupus. 1996 Jun. 5(3):221-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Mier RJ, Shishov M, Higgins GC, et al. Pediatric-onset mixed connective tissue disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Aug. 31(3):483-96, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Mier RJ, Shishov M, Higgins GC, Rennebohm RM, Wortmann DW, Jerath R. Pediatric-onset mixed connective tissue disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Aug. 31(3):483-96, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Singsen BH, Bernstein BH, Kornreich HK, et al. Mixed connective tissue disease in childhood. A clinical and serologic survey. J Pediatr. 1977 Jun. 90(6):893-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Tiddens HA, van der Net JJ, de Graeff-Meeder ER, et al. Juvenile-onset mixed connective tissue disease: longitudinal follow-up. J Pediatr. 1993 Feb. 122(2):191-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Marisa S Klein-Gitelman, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine; Head, Division of Rheumatology, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago

Marisa S Klein-Gitelman, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas JA Lehman, MD FAAP, FACR, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Weill Cornell Medical College; Chief, Hospital for Special Surgery

Thomas JA Lehman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: PM American Allergy Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence K Jung, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's National Medical Center

Lawrence K Jung, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology Society, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry L Myones, MD Co-Chair, Task Force on Pediatric Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Barry L Myones, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Immunologists, American Heart Association, American Society for Microbiology, Clinical Immunology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article