Author
Carlos A Angel, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Tennessee School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, East Tennessee Children's Hospital, East Tennessee Pediatric Surgery Group
Carlos A Angel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Pediatric Surgical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Texas Pediatric Society, Children's Oncology Group, International Pediatric Endosurgery Group, International Children's Continence Society, British Association of Paediatric Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Michael Maddox, MD Resident Physician, Department of Urology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School
Michael Maddox, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Student Association/Foundation, American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Harry P Koo, MD Chairman of Urology Division, Director of Pediatric Urology, Professor of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia; Director of Urology, Children's Hospital of Richmond
Harry P Koo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Ted Rosenkrantz, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Ted Rosenkrantz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pediatric Society, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research, American Medical Association, Connecticut State Medical Society, Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Martin David Bomalaski, MD, FAAP Pediatric Urologist, Alaska Urology; Clinical Assistant Professor, Seattle Children's Hospital
Martin David Bomalaski, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Santos Cantu Jr, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
Medscape Reference thanks Pamela I Ellsworth, MD, FACS, Associate Professor of Urology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Consulting Staff, University Urological Associates, for the video contributions to this article.
