Irritant Contact Dermatitis Guidelines

1. [Guideline] Fonacier L, Bernstein DI, Pacheco K, et al. Contact dermatitis: a practice parameter-update 2015. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015 May-Jun. 3 (3 Suppl):S1-39. [Medline].

2. [Guideline] Brasch J, Becker D, Aberer W, Bircher A, Kränke B, Jung K, et al. Guideline contact dermatitis: S1-Guidelines of the German Contact Allergy Group (DKG) of the German Dermatology Society (DDG), the Information Network of Dermatological Clinics (IVDK), the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Working Group for Occupational and Environmental Dermatology (ABD) of the DDG, the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the Professional Association of German Dermatologists (BVDD) and the DDG. Allergo J Int. 2014. 23 (4):126-138. [Medline].

3. Lee HY, Stieger M, Yawalkar N, Kakeda M. Cytokines and chemokines in irritant contact dermatitis. Mediators Inflamm. 2013. 2013:916497. [Medline].

4. Watkins SA, Maibach HI. The hardening phenomenon in irritant contact dermatitis: an interpretative update. Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Mar. 60(3):123-30. [Medline].

5. Fluhr JW, Akengin A, Bornkessel A, Fuchs S, Praessler J, Norgauer J, et al. Additive impairment of the barrier function by mechanical irritation, occlusion and sodium lauryl sulphate in vivo. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Jul. 153(1):125-31. [Medline].

6. Jacobs JJ, Lehé CL, Hasegawa H, Elliott GR, Das PK. Skin irritants and contact sensitizers induce Langerhans cell migration and maturation at irritant concentration. Exp Dermatol. 2006 Jun. 15(6):432-40. [Medline].

7. Heinemann C, Paschold C, Fluhr J, Wigger-Alberti W, Schliemann-Willers S, Farwanah H, et al. Induction of a hardening phenomenon by repeated application of SLS: analysis of lipid changes in the stratum corneum. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005. 85(4):290-5. [Medline].

8. de Jongh CM, Khrenova L, Verberk MM, Calkoen F, van Dijk FJ, Voss H, et al. Loss-of-function polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic irritant contact dermatitis: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Sep. 159(3):621-7. [Medline].

9. Visser MJ, Landeck L, Campbell LE, McLean WH, Weidinger S, Calkoen F, et al. Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Feb. 168 (2):326-32. [Medline].

10. Pelletier JL, Perez C, Jacob SE. Contact Dermatitis in Pediatrics. Pediatr Ann. 2016 Aug 1. 45 (8):e287-92. [Medline].

11. Robinson AJ, Foster RS, Halbert AR, King E, Orchard D. Granular parakeratosis induced by benzalkonium chloride exposure from laundry rinse aids. Australas J Dermatol. 2016 Sep 19. [Medline].

12. Higgins CL, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Occupational skin disease among Australian healthcare workers: a retrospective analysis from an occupational dermatology clinic, 1993-2014. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Oct. 75 (4):213-22. [Medline].

13. Kartono F, Maibach HI. Irritants in combination with a synergistic or additive effect on the skin response: an overview of tandem irritation studies. Contact Dermatitis. 2006 Jun. 54(6):303-12. [Medline].

14. Löffler H, Kampf G, Schmermund D, Maibach HI. How irritant is alcohol?. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Jul. 157(1):74-81. [Medline].

15. Weston WL, Morelli JG. Dermatitis under soccer shin guards: allergy or contact irritant reaction?. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Jan-Feb. 23(1):19-20. [Medline].

16. Schmid-Wendtner MH, Korting HC. The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006. 19(6):296-302. [Medline].

17. Deleo VA, Alexis A, Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Maibach HI, DeKoven J, et al. The Association of Race/Ethnicity and Patch Test Results: North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1998-2006. Dermatitis. 2016 Sep-Oct. 27 (5):288-292. [Medline].

18. Callahan A, Baron E, Fekedulegn D, Kashon M, Yucesoy B, Johnson VJ, et al. Winter season, frequent hand washing, and irritant patch test reactions to detergents are associated with hand dermatitis in health care workers. Dermatitis. 2013 Jul-Aug. 24 (4):170-5. [Medline].

19. Forrester BG, Roth VS. Hand dermatitis in intensive care units. J Occup Environ Med. 1998 Oct. 40(10):881-5. [Medline].

20. Cvetkovski RS, Rothman KJ, Olsen J, Mathiesen B, Iversen L, Johansen JD, et al. Relation between diagnoses on severity, sick leave and loss of job among patients with occupational hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Jan. 152(1):93-8. [Medline].

21. Dickel H, Kuss O, Schmidt A, Kretz J, Diepgen TL. Importance of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002. 3(4):283-9. [Medline].

22. Mangion SM, Beulke SH, Braitberg G. Hydrofluoric acid burn from a household rust remover. Med J Aust. 2001 Sep 3. 175(5):270-1. [Medline].

23. Basketter DA, Marriott M, Gilmour NJ, White IR. Strong irritants masquerading as skin allergens: the case of benzalkonium chloride. Contact Dermatitis. 2004 Apr. 50(4):213-7. [Medline].

24. Fowler JF, Zirwas MJ, eds. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. 7th ed. Contact Dermatitis Institute; 2019.

25. Lakshmi C, Srinivas CR, Anand CV, Mathew AC. Irritancy ranking of 31 cleansers in the Indian market in a 24-h patch test. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008 Aug. 30(4):277-83. [Medline].

26. Menne T, Johansen JD, Sommerlund M, Veien NK. Hand eczema guidelines based on the Danish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2011 Jul. 65(1):3-12. [Medline].

27. Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, Chew AL, Anigbogu A, Stern R, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis?. Skin Res Technol. 2001 Nov. 7(4):214-8. [Medline].

28. Fuchs M, Schliemann-Willers S, Heinemann C, Elsner P. Tacrolimus enhances irritation in a 5-day human irritancy in vivo model. Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May. 46(5):290-4. [Medline].

Savina Aneja, MD Dermatologist, Bay Area Dermatology Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD Dermatologic/Mohs Surgeon, The Surgery Center at Plano Dermatology

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Krusinski, MD Director of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine

Paul Krusinski, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD.

Daniel J Hogan, MD Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine (Dermatology), Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Investigator, Hill Top Research, Florida Research Center

Daniel J Hogan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Contact Dermatitis Society, Canadian Dermatology Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article