Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum Differential Diagnoses

1. MacLean PD, Liebow AA, Rosenberg AA. A hemolytic Corynebacterium resembling Corynebacterium ovis and Corynebacterium pyogenes in man. J Infect Dis. 1946. 79:69-90.

2. Stacey A, Bradlow A. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infection. J Infect. 1999 Jan. 38(1):41-2. [Medline].

3. Collins MD, Jones D, Schofield GM. Reclassification of 'Corynebacterium haemolyticum' (MacLean, Liebow & Rosenberg) in the genus Arcanobacterium gen.nov. as Arcanobacterium haemolyticum nom.rev., comb.nov. J Gen Microbiol. 1982 Jun. 128(6):1279-81. [Medline].

4. Gaston DA, Zurowski SM. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum pharyngitis and exanthem. Three case reports and literature review. Arch Dermatol. 1996 Jan. 132(1):61-4. [Medline].

5. Almuzara MN, de Mier C, Barberis CM, Mattera J, Famiglietti A, Vay C. Arcanobacterium hemolyticum: identification and susceptibility to nine antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002 Dec. 8(12):828-9. [Medline].

6. Kang H, Park G, Kim H, Chang K. Haemolytic differential identification of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum isolated from a patient with diabetic foot ulcers. JMM Case Rep. 2016 Feb. 3 (1):e005016. [Medline].

7. Carlson P. Comparison of the E test and agar dilution methods for susceptibility testing of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000 Nov. 19(11):891-3. [Medline].

8. Carlson P, Korpela J, Walder M, Nyman M. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and biotypes of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum blood isolates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Dec. 18(12):915-7. [Medline].

9. Bernard KA, Bellefeuille M, Ewan EP. Cellular fatty acid composition as an adjunct to the identification of asporogenous, aerobic gram-positive rods. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jan. 29(1):83-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Richardson A, Smith PJ. Herd fertility and Corynebacterium haemolyticum in bovine semen. Vet Rec. 1968 Aug 10. 83(6):156-7. [Medline].

11. Roberts RJ. Isolation of Corynebacterium haemolyticum from a case of ovine pneumonia. Vet Rec. 1969 May 10. 84(19):490. [Medline].

12. Altmann G, Bogokovsky B. Brain abscess due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Lancet. 1973 Feb 17. 1(7799):378-9. [Medline].

13. Barker KF, Renton NE, Lee PY, James DH. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum wound infection. J Infect. 1992 Mar. 24(2):214-5. [Medline].

14. Ben-Yaacob D, Waron M, Boldur I, Gil I, Sompolinsky D. Septicemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Isr J Med Sci. 1984 May. 20(5):431-3. [Medline].

15. Ceilley RI. Foot ulceration and vertebral osteomyelitis with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Arch Dermatol. 1977 May. 113(5):646-7. [Medline].

16. Chandrasekar PH, Molinari JA. Corynebacterium hemolyticum bacteremia with fatal neurologic complication in an intravenous drug addict. Am J Med. 1987 Mar 23. 82(3 Spec No):638-40. [Medline].

17. Dieleman LA, de Marie S, Mouton RP, et al. Paravertebral abscess due to nondiphtheria coryneform bacteria as a complication of ingrown toenails. Infection. 1989 Jan-Feb. 17(1):26-7. [Medline].

18. Dobinsky S, Noesselt T, Rucker A, Maerker J, Mack D. Three cases of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum associated with abscess formation and cellulitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Nov. 18(11):804-6. [Medline].

19. Goyal R, Singh NP, Mathur M. Septic arthritis due to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2005 Jan. 23(1):63-5. [Medline].

20. Hoosen AA, Rasool MN, Roux L. Posttraumatic ankle joint infection with Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: a case report. J Infect Dis. 1990 Sep. 162(3):780-1. [Medline].

21. Limjoco-Antonio AD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum sinusitis and orbital cellulitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 May. 22(5):465-7. [Medline].

22. Minarik T, Sufliarsky J, Trupl J, Krcmery V Jr. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum invasive infections, including meningitis in cancer patients. J Infect. 1997 Jan. 34(1):91. [Medline].

23. Panzaru C, Taranu T. Venous ulcer infection caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2001 Oct-Dec. 60(4):323-7. [Medline].

24. Parija SC, Kaliaperumal V, Kumar SV, Sujatha S, Babu V, Balu V. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum associated with pyothorax: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 6. 5:68. [Medline].

25. Ritter E, Kaschner A, Becker C, Becker-Boost E, Wirsing von Konig CH, Finger H. Isolation of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum from an infected foot wound. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993 Jun. 12(6):473-4. [Medline].

26. Varma D, Chang B, Musaad S. A case series on chronic canaliculitis. Orbit. 2005 Mar. 24(1):11-4. [Medline].

27. Washington JA, Martin WJ, Spiekerman RE. Brain abscess with Corynebacterium hemolyticum: report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971 Aug. 56(2):212-5. [Medline].

28. Worthington MG, Daly BD, Smith FE. Corynebacterium hemolyticum endocarditis on a native valve. South Med J. 1985 Oct. 78(10):1261-2. [Medline].

29. Vargas J, Hernandez M, Silvestri C, et al. Brain abscess due to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum after dental extraction. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 15. 42(12):1810-1. [Medline].

30. Tan TY, Ng SY, Thomas H, Chan BK. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum bacteraemia and soft-tissue infections: case report and review of the literature. J Infect. 2006 Aug. 53(2):e69-74. [Medline].

31. Farmer AD, Bruckner Holt CE, Le Roux G, Butterworth JR. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Infect. 2007 May. 54(5):516. [Medline].

32. Wong V, Turmezei T, Cartmill M, Soo S. Infective endocarditis caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: a case report. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011 May 12. 10:17. [Medline]. [Full Text].

33. Brown J, Fleming CS, Troia-Cancio PV. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum osteomyelitis and sepsis: a diagnostic conundrum. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013 Jun. 14(3):322-4. [Medline].

34. Stone LA, Harshbarger RJ 3rd. Orbital necrotizing fasciitis and osteomyelitis caused by arcanobacterium haemolyticum: a case report. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Mar-Apr. 31 (2):e31-3. [Medline].

35. Balakrishnan D. Arcanobacterium Hemolyticum Chorioamnionitis Leading to Preterm Labour – A Case Report. Basic Sci Med. 2017. 6(1):1-4.

36. Smith HM, Arul I. Wound Infection and Sepsis Caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Clin Microbiol News. 2016. 38(6):49-50.

37. Younus F, Chua A, Tortora G, Jimenez VE. Lemierre's disease caused by co-infection of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and Fusobacterium necrophorum: a case report. J Infect. 2002 Aug. 45(2):114-7. [Medline].

38. Nyman M, Alugupalli KR, Strömberg S, Forsgren A. Antibody response to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection in humans. J Infect Dis. 1997 Jun. 175(6):1515-8. [Medline].

39. Wing A, Villa-Roel C, Yeh B, Eskin B, Buckingham J, Rowe BH. Effectiveness of corticosteroid treatment in acute pharyngitis: a systematic review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 May. 17 (5):476-83. [Medline].

40. Miyamoto H, Suzuki T, Murakami S, Fukuoka M, Tanaka Y, Kondo T, et al. Bacteriological characteristics of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum isolated from seven patients with skin and soft-tissue infections. J Med Microbiol. 2015 Apr. 64 (Pt 4):369-74. [Medline].

41. Miller RA, Brancato F, Holmes KK. Corynebacterium hemolyticum as a cause of pharyngitis and scarlatiniform rash in young adults. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Dec. 105(6):867-72. [Medline].

42. Karpathios T, Drakonaki S, Zervoudaki A, et al. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in children with presumed streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis or scarlet fever. J Pediatr. 1992 Nov. 121(5 Pt 1):735-7. [Medline].

43. Banck G, Nyman M. Tonsillitis and rash associated with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis. 1986 Dec. 154(6):1037-40. [Medline].

44. Osterlund A. Are penicillin treatment failures in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum pharyngotonsillitis caused by intracellularly residing bacteria?. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995. 27(2):131-4. [Medline].

45. Soucek A, Souckova A. Toxicity of bacterial sphingomyelinases D. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1974. 18(3):327-35. [Medline].

46. Lajoie DM, Cordes MH. Spider, bacterial and fungal phospholipase D toxins make cyclic phosphate products. Toxicon. 2015 Dec 15. 108:176-80. [Medline].

47. Linder R. Rhodococcus equi and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: two "coryneform" bacteria increasingly recognized as agents of human infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997 Apr-Jun. 3(2):145-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].

48. Mackenzie A, Fuite LA, Chan FT, et al. Incidence and pathogenicity of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum during a 2-year study in Ottawa. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Jul. 21(1):177-81. [Medline].

49. Carlson P, Renkonen OV, Kontiainen S. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and streptococcal pharyngitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1994. 26(3):283-7. [Medline].

50. Chen Y, Colodner R, Chazan B, Raz R. Pharyngotonsillitis due to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in northern Israel. Isr Med Assoc J. 2005 Apr. 7(4):241-2. [Medline].

51. Chalupa P, Jezek P, Jurankova J, Sevcikova A. Isolation of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum from throat culture samples in the Czech Republic. Infection. 1995 Nov-Dec. 23(6):397. [Medline].

52. Fell HW, Nagington J, Naylor GR, Olds RJ. Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Cambridgeshire. J Hyg (Lond). 1977 Oct. 79(2):269-74. [Medline].

53. Barnham M, Bradwell RA. Acute peritonsillar abscess caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Laryngol Otol. 1992 Nov. 106(11):1000-1. [Medline].

54. Kovatch AL, Schuit KE, Michaels RH. Corynebacterium hemolyticum peritonsillar abscess mimicking diphtheria. JAMA. 1983 Apr 1. 249(13):1757-8. [Medline].

55. Dagan R, Powell KR. Postanginal sepsis following infectious mononucleosis. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Sep. 147(9):1581-3. [Medline].

56. Dethy M, Hantson P, Van Bosterhaut B, Swine C, Sassine A. [Septicemia caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (Corynebacterium haemolyticum) and Streptococcus milleri]. Acta Clin Belg. 1986. 41(2):115-8. [Medline].

57. Givner LB. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum sepsis and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992 May. 11(5):417-8. [Medline].

58. Goudswaard J, van de Merwe DW, van der Sluys P, Doorn H. Corynebacterium haemolyticum septicemia in a girl with mononucleosis infectiosa. Scand J Infect Dis. 1988. 20(3):339-40. [Medline].

59. Lehnen A, Busse HJ, Frolich K, Krasinska M, Kampfer P, Speck S. Arcanobacterium bialowiezense sp. nov. and Arcanobacterium bonasi sp. nov., isolated from the prepuce of European bison bulls (Bison bonasus) suffering from balanoposthitis, and emended description of the genus Arcanobacterium Collins et al. 1983. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006 Apr. 56:861-6. [Medline].

60. Therriault BL, Daniels LM, Carter YL, Raasch RH. Severe sepsis caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Nov. 42(11):1697-702. [Medline].

61. Garcia-de-la-Fuente C, Campo-Esquisabel AB, Unda F, Ruiz de Alegria C, Benito N, Martinez-Martínez L. Comparison of different culture media and growth conditions for recognition of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Jun. 61(2):232-4. [Medline].

62. White CB, Foshee WS. Upper respiratory tract infections in adolescents. Adolesc Med. 2000 Jun. 11(2):225-49. [Medline].

63. Carlson P, Seppanen M, Tarvainen K, Nousiainen T, Aaltonen T, Malinen H. Pharyngitis and exanthema caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001 May. 81(2):143-4. [Medline].

64. Nyman M, Banck G, Thore M. Penicillin tolerance in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis. 1990 Feb. 161(2):261-5. [Medline].

65. Hassan AA, Ulbegi-Mohyla H, Kanbar T, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum isolates from infections of horses. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jan. 47(1):124-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

66. Butler T, Frenck RW, Johnson RB, Khakhria R. In vitro effects of azithromycin on Salmonella typhi: early inhibition by concentrations less than the MIC and reduction of MIC by alkaline pH and small inocula. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Apr. 47(4):455-8. [Medline].

67. Klempner MS, Styrt B. Clindamycin uptake by human neutrophils. J Infect Dis. 1981 Nov. 144(5):472-9. [Medline].

68. Power EG, Abdulla YH, Talsania HG, Spice W, Aathithan S, French GL. vanA genes in vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of Oerskovia turbata and Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) haemolyticum. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995 Oct. 36(4):595-606. [Medline].

Nicole Ufkes Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Nicole Ufkes is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Medical Women's Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David F Butler, MD Former Section Chief of Dermatology, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System; Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Founding Chair, Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Clinic

David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Krusinski, MD Director of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine

Paul Krusinski, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD.

Robin Travers, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), Dartmouth University School of Medicine; Staff Dermatologist, New England Baptist Hospital; Private Practice, SkinCare Physicians

Robin Travers, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Informatics Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Women's Dermatologic Society, Medical Dermatology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington at Seattle School of Medicine; Chief, Dermatology Section, Primary and Specialty Care Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center of Seattle

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kord Honda, MD Fellow in Dermatopathology, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati

Kord Honda, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kyle L Horner, MD, MS Physician, Grace Dermatology and Micrographic Surgery, Lebanon, OR

Kyle L Horner, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Richard Miller, MD, to the development and writing of this article. The authors would like to thank Jan Hirschmann for his critical review of this article and Richard Miller, MD, for graciously providing the images.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article