Seborrheic Keratosis Questions & Answers

1. Nakamura H, Hirota S, Adachi S, Ozaki K, Asada H, Kitamura Y. Clonal nature of seborrheic keratosis demonstrated by using the polymorphism of the human androgen receptor locus as a marker. J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Apr. 116 (4):506-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Ginarte M, Garcia-Caballero T, Fernandez-Redondo V, Beiras A, Toribio J. Expression of growth hormone receptor in benign and malignant cutaneous proliferative entities. J Cutan Pathol. 2000 Jul. 27(6):276-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Groves RW, Allen MH, MacDonald DM. Abnormal expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in cutaneous epithelial tumours. J Cutan Pathol. 1992 Feb. 19(1):66-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Nanney LB, Ellis DL, Levine J, King LE. Epidermal growth factor receptors in idiopathic and virally induced skin diseases. Am J Pathol. 1992 Apr. 140(4):915-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Nakagawa K, Yamamura K, Maeda S, Ichihashi M. bcl-2 expression in epidermal keratinocytic diseases. Cancer. 1994 Sep 15. 74(6):1720-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Tojo M, Mori T, Kiyosawa H, Honma Y, Tanno Y, Kanazawa KY, et al. Expression of sonic hedgehog signal transducers, patched and smoothened, in human basal cell carcinoma. Pathol Int. 1999 Aug. 49(8):687-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hafner C, Hartmann A, Vogt T. FGFR3 mutations in epidermal nevi and seborrheic keratoses: lessons from urothelium and skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Jul. 127(7):1572-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Hafner C, van Oers JM, Hartmann A, Landthaler M, Stoehr R, Blaszyk H, et al. High frequency of FGFR3 mutations in adenoid seborrheic keratoses. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Nov. 126(11):2404-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Hafner C, Hartmann A, Real FX, Hofstaedter F, Landthaler M, Vogt T. Spectrum of FGFR3 mutations in multiple intraindividual seborrheic keratoses. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Aug. 127(8):1883-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Hafner C, Toll A, Fernández-Casado A, Earl J, Marqués M, Acquadro F, et al. Multiple oncogenic mutations and clonal relationship in spatially distinct benign human epidermal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 30. 107 (48):20780-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Hafner C, Landthaler M, Mentzel T, Vogt T. FGFR3 and PIK3CA mutations in stucco keratosis and dermatosis papulosa nigra. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Mar. 162 (3):508-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Hafner C, Hartmann A, van Oers JM, Stoehr R, Zwarthoff EC, Hofstaedter F, et al. FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratoses are already present in flat lesions and associated with age and localization. Mod Pathol. 2007 Aug. 20 (8):895-903. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Simionescu O, Popescu BO, Costache M, Manole E, Spulber S, Gherghiceanu M, et al. Apoptosis in seborrheic keratoses: an open door to a new dermoscopic score. J Cell Mol Med. 2012 Jun. 16 (6):1223-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Manning BD, Cantley LC. AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream. Cell. 2007 Jun 29. 129 (7):1261-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Neel VA, Todorova K, Wang J, Kwon E, Kang M, Liu Q, et al. Sustained Akt Activity Is Required to Maintain Cell Viability in Seborrheic Keratosis, a Benign Epithelial Tumor. J Invest Dermatol. 2016 Mar. 136 (3):696-705. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Teraki E, Tajima S, Manaka I, Kawashima M, Miyagishi M, Imokawa G. Role of endothelin-1 in hyperpigmentation in seborrhoeic keratosis. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Dec. 135(6):918-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Kwon OS, Hwang EJ, Bae JH, Park HE, Lee JC, Youn JI, et al. Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: causative role of sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003 Apr. 19(2):73-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Tindall JP, Smith JG Jr. Skin lesions of the aged and their association with internal changes. JAMA. 1963 Dec 21. 186:1039-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Memon AA, Tomenson JA, Bothwell J, Friedmann PS. Prevalence of solar damage and actinic keratosis in a Merseyside population. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Jun. 142(6):1154-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Zhang RZ, Zhu WY. Seborrheic keratoses in five elderly patients: an appearance of raindrops and streams. Indian J Dermatol. 2011 Jul. 56(4):432-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Rajesh G, Thappa DM, Jaisankar TJ, Chandrashekar L. Spectrum of seborrheic keratoses in south Indians: a clinical and dermoscopic study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011 Jul-Aug. 77(4):483-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Williams MG. Acanthomata appearing after eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1956 Jul-Aug. 68(7):268-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Yeatman JM, Kilkenny M, Marks R. The prevalence of seborrhoeic keratoses in an Australian population: does exposure to sunlight play a part in their frequency?. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Sep. 137(3):411-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Gupta AK, Siegel MT, Noble SC, Kirkby S, Rasmussen JE. Keratoses in patients with psoriasis: a prospective study in fifty-two inpatients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Jul. 23(1):52-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Jacyk WK, Simson IW. Pemphigus erythematosus resembling multiple seborrheic keratoses. Arch Dermatol. 1990 Apr. 126(4):543-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Beckmann KR, Kirke BA, McCaul KA, Roder DM. Use of fake tanning lotions in the South Australian population. Med J Aust. 2001 Jan 15. 174(2):75-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sperry K, Wall J. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach with eruptive seborrheic keratoses: the sign of Leserp-Trelat. Cancer. 1980 May 1. 45(9):2434-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Zhu WY, Leonardi C, Kinsey W, Penneys NS. Irritated seborrheic keratoses and benign verrucous acanthomas do not contain papillomavirus DNA. J Cutan Pathol. 1991 Dec. 18(6):449-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Li J, Ackerman AB. "Seborrheic keratoses" that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata. Am J Dermatopathol. 1994 Aug. 16(4):398-405; discussion 406-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Lee ES, Whang MR, Kang WH. Absence of human papillomavirus DNA in nongenital seborrheic keratosis. J Korean Med Sci. 2001 Oct. 16(5):619-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Liu HN, Chang YT, Chen CC. Differentiation of hidroacanthoma simplex from clonal seborrheic keratosis--an immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol. 2004 Jun. 26(3):188-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Klaus MV, Wehr RF, Rogers RS 3rd, Russell TJ, Krochmal L. Evaluation of ammonium lactate in the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Feb. 22(2 Pt 1):199-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Van Scott EJ, Yu RJ. Alpha hydroxy acids: procedures for use in clinical practice. Cutis. 1989 Mar. 43(3):222-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Herron MD, Bowen AR, Krueger GG. Seborrheic keratoses: a study comparing the standard cryosurgery with topical calcipotriene, topical tazarotene, and topical imiquimod. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Apr. 43(4):300-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Eskata (hydrogen peroxide) topical solution prescribing information [package insert]. Malvern, PA: Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc. December 2017. Available at [Full Text].

Arthur K Balin, MD, PhD, FACP, FAAD, FCAP, FASCP, FAACS, FACMS, FASDS, FASDP, FAAA, FASLMS, FRSM, FACN, FNACB, FFRBM, AGSF, FGSA, FMMS, FPCP Medical Director, The Sally Balin Medical Center for Dermatology

Arthur K Balin, MD, PhD, FACP, FAAD, FCAP, FASCP, FAACS, FACMS, FASDS, FASDP, FAAA, FASLMS, FRSM, FACN, FNACB, FFRBM, AGSF, FGSA, FMMS, FPCP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Chemical Society, American College of Mohs Surgery, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Geriatrics Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Society for Nutrition, American Society of Dermatopathology, College of American Pathologists, Gerontological Society of America, International Academy of Pathology, International Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Pennsylvania Medical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David F Butler, MD Former Section Chief of Dermatology, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System; Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Founding Chair, Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Clinic

David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Phi Beta Kappa, Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Warren R Heymann, MD Head, Division of Dermatology, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Warren R Heymann, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD<br/>Served as a speaker for various universities, dermatology societies, and dermatology departments.

With appreciation for the assistance of Michael Vilenchik, MD, PhD and Loretta Pratt, MD.

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