Kaufman BP, Aman T, Alexis AF. Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017 Dec 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wong ITY, Richer V. Prophylaxis of Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation From Energy-Based Device Treatments: A Review [Formula: see text]. J Cutan Med Surg. 2021 Jan-Feb. 25 (1):77-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Breathnach AS. Melanin hyperpigmentation of skin: melasma, topical treatment with azelaic acid, and other therapies. Cutis. 1996 Jan. 57(1 Suppl):36-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pandya AG, Guevara IL. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Clin. 2000 Jan. 18(1):91-8, ix. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mohamed Ali BM, Gheida SF, El Mahdy NA, Sadek SN. Evaluation of salicylic acid peeling in comparison with topical tretinoin in the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017 Mar. 16 (1):52-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sarkar R, Parmar NV, Kapoor S. Treatment of Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation With a Combination of Glycolic Acid Peels and a Topical Regimen in Dark-Skinned Patients: A Comparative Study. Dermatol Surg. 2017 Apr. 43 (4):566-573. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Burns RL, Prevost-Blank PL, Lawry MA, Lawry TB, Faria DT, Fivenson DP. Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients. A comparative study. Dermatol Surg. 1997 Mar. 23(3):171-4; discussion 175. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yoshimura K, Harii K, Aoyama T, Shibuya F, Iga T. A new bleaching protocol for hyperpigmented skin lesions with a high concentration of all-trans retinoic acid aqueous gel. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1999 Jul-Aug. 23(4):285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yoshimura K, Harii K, Aoyama T, Iga T. Experience with a strong bleaching treatment for skin hyperpigmentation in Orientals. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000 Mar. 105(3):1097-108; discussion 1109-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Del Rosso JQ. The use of topical azelaic acid for common skin disorders other than inflammatory rosacea. Cutis. 2006 Feb. 77(2 Suppl):22-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Grimes P, Callender V. Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis. 2006 Jan. 77(1):45-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shah SK, Alexis AF. Acne in skin of color: practical approaches to treatment. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010 May. 21(3):206-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Katsambas AD. RALGA (Diacneal), a retinaldehyde and glycolic acid association and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in acne--a review. Dermatology. 2005. 210 Suppl 1:39-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kasraee B, Handjani F, Parhizgar A, et al. Topical methimazole as a new treatment for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: report of the first case. Dermatology. 2005. 211(4):360-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Erbil H, Sezer E, Tastan B, Arca E, Kurumlu Z. Efficacy and safety of serial glycolic acid peels and a topical regimen in the treatment of recalcitrant melasma. J Dermatol. 2007 Jan. 34(1):25-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Choi H, Ahn S, Lee BG, Chang I, Hwang JS. Inhibition of skin pigmentation by an extract of Lepidium apetalum and its possible implication in IL-6 mediated signaling. Pigment Cell Res. 2005 Dec. 18(6):439-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Abu Ubeid A, Zhao L, Wang Y, Hantash BM. Short-sequence oligopeptides with inhibitory activity against mushroom and human tyrosinase. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Sep. 129(9):2242-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kassim AT, Hussain M, Goldberg DJ. Open-label evaluation of the skin-brightening efficacy of a skin-brightening system using decapeptide-12. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012 Apr. 14(2):117-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hantash BM, Jimenez F. A split-face, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled pilot evaluation of a novel oligopeptide for the treatment of recalcitrant melasma. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Aug. 8(8):732-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sadick NS, Palmisano D. Novel synthetic oligopeptide formulation offers nonirritating cosmetic alternative for the treatment of melasma. Cosmet Dermatol. Apr 2010. 23:175-9.
Ali SA, Galgut JM, Choudhary RK. On The Novel Action of Melanolysis by a Leaf Extract of Aloe vera and Its Active Ingredient Aloin, Potent Skin Depigmenting Agents. Planta Med. 2012 May. 78(8):767-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Park GH, Rhee do Y, Moon HR, Won CH, Lee MW, Choi JH, et al. Effect of an epidermal growth factor-containing cream on postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after Q-switched 532-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2015 Jan. 41 (1):131-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fatima S, Braunberger T, Mohammad TF, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH. The Role of Sunscreen in Melasma and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation. Indian J Dermatol. 2020 Jan-Feb. 65 (1):5-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Isedeh P, Kohli I, Al-Jamal M, Agbai ON, Chaffins M, Devpura S, et al. An in vivo model for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: an analysis of histological, spectroscopic, colorimetric and clinical traits. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Apr. 174 (4):862-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cardinali G, Kovacs D, Picardo M. Mechanisms underlying post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: lessons from solar lentigo. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2012 Dec. 139 Suppl 4:S148-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Graber EM, Tanzi EL, Alster TS. Side effects and complications of fractional laser photothermolysis: experience with 961 treatments. Dermatol Surg. 2008 Mar. 34(3):301-5; discussion 305-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Harari Z, Sommer I, Knobel B. Multifocal contact dermatitis to nitroderm TTS 5 with extensive postinflammatory hypermelanosis. Dermatologica. 1987. 174(5):249-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Milbar HC, Jeon H, Ward MA, Mitchell SE, Weiss CR, Cohen BA. Hyperpigmentation after Foamed Bleomycin Sclerotherapy for Vascular Malformations. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019 Apr 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Deshmukh K, Poddar SS. Tyrosinase inhibitor-loaded microsponge drug delivery system: new approach for hyperpigmentation disorders. J Microencapsul. 2012 Apr 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rokhsar CK, Fitzpatrick RE. The treatment of melasma with fractional photothermolysis: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Dec. 31(12):1645-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Huang L. A new modality for fractional CO2 laster resurfacing for acne scars in Asians. Lasers Med Sci. May 2012.
Oram Y, Akkaya AD. Refractory Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation Treated Fractional CO2 Laser. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014 Mar. 7(3):42-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Rokhsar CK, Ciocon DH. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Mar. 35(3):535-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Park JH, Kim JI, Kim WS. Treatment of Persistent Facial Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation With Novel Pulse-in-Pulse Mode Intense Pulsed Light. Dermatol Surg. 2016 Feb. 42 (2):218-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee YJ, Shin HJ, Noh TK, Choi KH, Chang SE. Treatment of Melasma and Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation by a Picosecond 755-nm Alexandrite Laser in Asian Patients. Ann Dermatol. 2017 Dec. 29 (6):779-781. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim HY, Lee SK, Lee JH, Suh JH, Kim MS, Lee UH. A case of latanoprost-induced diffuse facial skin hyperpigmentation. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Mar 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Liu Z, Jiang M, Zhao J, Wang Q, Zhang C, Gao M, et al. Efficacy of a wound-dressing biomaterial on prevention of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after suction blister epidermal grafting in stable vitiligo patients: a controlled assessor-blinded clinical study with in vitro bioactivity investigation. Arch Dermatol Res. 2020 Feb 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim S, Cho KH. Treatment of procedure-related postinflammatory hyperpigmentation using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence in Asian patients: report of five cases. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2010 Dec. 9(4):302-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Morton CA, McKenna KE, Rhodes LE. Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: update. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Dec. 159(6):1245-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pérez-Bernal A, Muñoz-Pérez MA, Camacho F. Management of facial hyperpigmentation. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000 Sep-Oct. 1(5):261-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Taylor MB, Yanaki JS, Draper DO, Shurtz JC, Coglianese M. Successful short-term and long-term treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation using vitamin C with a full-face iontophoresis mask and a mandelic/malic acid skin care regimen. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013 Jan. 12(1):45-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nestor M, Bucay V, Callender V, Cohen JL, Sadick N, Waldorf H. Polypodium leucotomos as an Adjunct Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014 Mar. 7(3):13-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Callender VD, Baldwin H, Cook-Bolden FE, et al. Effects of Topical Retinoids on Acne and Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Patients with Skin of Color: A Clinical Review and Implications for Practice. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Jan. 23 (1):69-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Smit N, Vicanova J, Pavel S. The hunt for natural skin whitening agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2009 Dec 10. 10(12):5326-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Leyden J, Wallo W. The mechanism of action and clinical benefits of soy for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Int J Dermatol. 2011 Apr. 50(4):470-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Woolery-Lloyd HC, Keri J, Doig S. Retinoids and azelaic acid to treat acne and hyperpigmentation in skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013 Apr. 12(4):434-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mathe N, Balogun M, Yoo J. A case report on the use of topical cysteamine 5% cream in the management of refractory postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) resistant to triple combination cream (hydroquinone, topical corticosteroids, and retinoids). J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021 Jan. 20 (1):204-206. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Park SJ, Park JW, Seo SJ, Park KY. Evaluating the tolerance and efficacy of laser-assisted delivery of tranexamic acid, niacinamide, and kojic acid for melasma: A single center, prospective, split-face trial. Dermatol Ther. 2022 Mar. 35 (3):e15287. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zachary CM, Wang JV, Saedi N. Kojic Acid for Melasma: Popular Ingredient in Skincare Products. Skinmed. 2020. 18 (5):271-273. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Quiñonez RL, Agbai ON, Burgess CM, Taylor SC. An update on cosmetic procedures in people of color. Part 1: Scientific background, assessment, preprocedure preparation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Apr. 86 (4):715-725. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].