Hidradenitis Suppurativa Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Zouboulis CC, Desai N, Emtestam L, Hunger RE, Ioannides D, Juhász I, et al. European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Apr. 29 (4):619-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Wang SC, Wang SC, Alavi A, Alhusayen R, Bashash M, Sibbald RG. Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Part 2: Treatment Options. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2015 Aug. 28 (8):372-80; quiz 381-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. van der Zee HH, Jemec GB. New insights into the diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa: Clinical presentations and phenotypes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 Nov. 73 (5 Suppl 1):S23-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. von der Werth JM, Jemec GB. Morbidity in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Apr. 144(4):809-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Alikhan A, Lynch PJ, Eisen DB. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a comprehensive review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Apr. 60(4):539-61; quiz 562-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Sartorius K, Lapins J, Emtestam L, Jemec GB. Suggestions form uniform outcome variables when reporting treatment effects in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2003. 149:211-3.

7. Rompel R, Petres J. Long-term results of wide surgical excision in 106 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg. 2000 Jul. 26(7):638-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Kimball AB, Jemec GB, Yang M, Kageleiry A, Signorovitch JE, Okun MM, et al. Assessing the validity, responsiveness and meaningfulness of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) as the clinical endpoint for hidradenitis suppurativa treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2014 Dec. 171 (6):1434-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Blok JL, Spoo JR, Leeman FW, Jonkman MF, Horváth B. Skin-Tissue-sparing Excision with Electrosurgical Peeling (STEEP): a surgical treatment option for severe hidradenitis suppurativa Hurley stage II/III. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Feb. 29 (2):379-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Jemec GB. What's new in hidradenitis suppurativa?. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 Sep. 14(5):340-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Bohn J, Svensson H. Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2001 Sep. 35(3):305-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Parks RW, Parks TG. Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of hidradenitis suppurativa. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1997 Mar. 79(2):83-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Slade DE, Powell BW, Mortimer PS. Hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenesis and management. Br J Plast Surg. 2003 Jul. 56(5):451-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Tanaka A, Hatoko M, Tada H, Kuwahara M, Mashiba K, Yurugi S. Experience with surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Ann Plast Surg. 2001 Dec. 47(6):636-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Golcman R, Golcman B, Tamura BM, Nogueira MA, Zoo CM, Germano JA. Subcutaneous fistulectomy in bridging hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Oct. 25(10):795-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Tierney E, Mahmoud BH, Hexsel C, Ozog D, Hamzavi I. Randomized control trial for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Aug. 35(8):1188-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Iwasaki J, Marra DE, Fincher EF, Moy RL. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with a nonablative radiofrequency device. Dermatol Surg. 2008 Jan. 34(1):114-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Velpeau A. Dictionnaire de Medicine, un Repertoire des Sciences Medicales sons le Rapport, Theorique et Pratique. 2nd ed Paris. 1839. 91.

19. Verneuil A. Etudes sur les tumeurs de la peau et quelques maladies des glandes sudoripores. Arch Gen Med. 1854. 4:693-705.

20. Schiefferdecker B. Die Hautdrusen des Menschen und der Saugetierre ihre Histologishe und rassenanatomische Bedeutung Sowie die Muscularis Sexualis. Stuttgart. 1922.

21. Brunsting HA. Hidradenitis suppurativa: abscess of the apocrine sweat glands. Arch fur Dermatol und Syph (Berlin). 1939. 39:108-20.

22. Pillsbury DM, Shelley WB, Kligman AM. Bacterial infections of the skin. Dermatology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1956. 482-9.

23. Plewig G, Kligman AM. Acne: Morphogenesis and Treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1975.

24. Plewig G, Steger M. Acne inversa (alias acne triad, acne tetrad, or hydradenitis suppurativa). Marks R, Plewig G, eds. Acne and Related Disorders. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1989. 343-57.

25. Yu CC, Cook MG. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a disease of follicular epithelium, rather than apocrine glands. Br J Dermatol. 1990 Jun. 122(6):763-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Attanoos RL, Appleton MA, Douglas-Jones AG. The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: a closer look at apocrine and apoeccrine glands. Br J Dermatol. 1995 Aug. 133(2):254-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sellheyer K, Krahl D. "Hidradenitis suppurativa" is acne inversa! An appeal to (finally) abandon a misnomer. Int J Dermatol. 2005 Jul. 44(7):535-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Pavlovic M. Oboljenja apokrinih znojnih zlezda. Karadaglic D, ed. Dermatologija Beograd: Vojnoizdavacki Zavod. 2000. 754-61.

29. Shelley WB, Cahn MM. The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa in man; experimental and histologic observations. AMA Arch Derm. 1955 Dec. 72(6):562-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Lapins J, Jarstrand C, Emtestam L. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common bacteria found in cultures from the deep portions of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions, as obtained by carbon dioxide laser surgery. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Jan. 140(1):90-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Mowad CM, McGinley KJ, Foglia A, Leyden JJ. The role of extracellular polysaccharide substance produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis in miliaria. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Nov. 33(5 Pt 1):729-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Kurzen H, Kurokawa I, Jemec GB, et al. What causes hidradenitis suppurativa?. Exp Dermatol. 2008 May. 17(5):455-6; discussion 457-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Fitzsimmons JS, Guilbert PR, Fitzsimmons EM. Evidence of genetic factors in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 1985 Jul. 113(1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Pink AE, Simpson MA, Desai N, Trembath RC, Barker JN. Gamma-Secretase mutations in hidradenitis suppurativa: new insights into disease pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Mar. 133(3):601-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Gao M, Wang PG, Cui Y, et al. Inversa acne (hidradenitis suppurativa): a case report and identification of the locus at chromosome 1p21.1-1q25.3. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Jun. 126(6):1302-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Lapins J, Asman B, Gustafsson A, Bergstrom K, Emtestam L. Neutrophil-related host response in hidradenitis suppurativa: a pilot study in patients with inactive disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001 May. 81(2):96-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Antonopoulou A, Petropoulou C, et al. Altered innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Jan. 156(1):51-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Hunger RE, Surovy AM, Hassan AS, Braathen LR, Yawalkar N. Toll-like receptor 2 is highly expressed in lesions of acne inversa and colocalizes with C-type lectin receptor. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Apr. 158(4):691-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Champion RH. Disorder of sweat glands. Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJ, eds. Textbook of Dermatology. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1998. 1985-2002.

40. Edlich RF, Winters KL, Britt LD, Long WB 3rd, Gubler KD, Drake DB. Difficult wounds: an update. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2005. 15(3):289-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Wiseman MC. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a review. Dermatol Ther. 2004. 17(1):50-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Barth JH, Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Endocrine factors in pre- and postmenopausal women with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Jun. 134(6):1057-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Jemec GB. Hidradenitis suppurativa. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003 Jan-Feb. 7(1):47-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Palmer RA, Keefe M. Early-onset hidradenitis suppurativa. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001 Sep. 26(6):501-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Lewis F, Messenger AG, Wales JK. Hidradenitis suppurativa as a presenting feature of premature adrenarche. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Oct. 129(4):447-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Farrell AM, Randall VA, Vafaee T, Dawber RP. Finasteride as a therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Dec. 141(6):1138-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Barth JH. Cutaneous Virilism, Apocrine Glands and Hidradenitis Suppurativa [thesis]. London: University of London; 1992.

48. Jemec GB, Gniadecka M. Sebum excretion in hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatology. 1997. 194(4):325-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Jemec GB, Heidenheim M, Nielsen NH. Hidradenitis suppurativa--characteristics and consequences. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996 Nov. 21(6):419-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Revuz JE, Canoui-Poitrine F, Wolkenstein P, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hidradenitis suppurativa: results from two case-control studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Oct. 59(4):596-601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Jansen I, Altmeyer P, Piewig G. Acne inversa (alias hidradenitis suppurativa). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001 Nov. 15(6):532-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Jansen T, Plewig G. What's new in acne inversa (alias hidradenitis suppurativa)?. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 Sep. 14(5):342-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Wasik F, Barancewicz-Losek M. Hryncewicz-Gwozdz A, Jelen M: Hidradenitis suppurativa complicated by hidradenocarcinoma. Dermatol Klin (Wroclaw). 2001. 3 (Suppl 1):64.

54. Gulliver W, Zouboulis CC, Prens E, Jemec GB, Tzellos T. Evidence-based approach to the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa, based on the European guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016 Feb 1. 35(2 Pt 1):191-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Manolitsas T, Biankin S, Jaworski R, Wain G. Vulval squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic hidradenitis suppurativa. Gynecol Oncol. 1999 Nov. 75(2):285-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Wang SC, Wang SC, Sibbald RG, Alhusayen R, Bashash M, Alavi A. Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Part 1: A Review of Pathogenesis, Associations, and Clinical Features. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2015 Jul. 28 (7):325-32; quiz 333-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Mengesha YM, Holcombe TC, Hansen RC. Prepubertal hidradenitis suppurativa: two case reports and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 Jul-Aug. 16(4):292-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Blok JL, Boersma M, Terra JB, Spoo JR, Leeman FW, van den Heuvel ER, et al. Surgery under general anaesthesia in severe hidradenitis suppurativa: a study of 363 primary operations in 113 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Aug. 29 (8):1590-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Mandal A, Watson J. Experience with different treatment modules in hidradenitis suppuritiva: a study of 106 cases. Surgeon. 2005 Feb. 3(1):23-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Hughes R, Kelly G, Sweeny C, Lally A, Kirby B. The medical and laser management of hidradenitis suppurativa. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015 Apr. 16 (2):111-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Saunte DM, Boer J, Stratigos A, et al. Diagnostic delay in hidradenitis suppurativa is a global problem. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Dec. 173 (6):1546-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Roy MK, Appleton MA, Delicata RJ, Sharma AK, Williams GT, Carey PD. Probable association between hidradenitis suppurativa and Crohn's disease: significance of epithelioid granuloma. Br J Surg. 1997 Mar. 84(3):375-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Martínez F, Nos P, Benlloch S, Ponce J. Hidradenitis suppurativa and Crohn's disease: response to treatment with infliximab. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001 Nov. 7(4):323-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Church JM, Fazio VW, Lavery IC, Oakley JR, Milsom JW. The differential diagnosis and comorbidity of hidradenitis suppurativa and perianal Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1993 Sep. 8(3):117-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Gonzalez-Lopez A, Velasco E, Pozo T, Del Villar A. HIV-associated pityriasis rubra pilaris responsive to triple antiretroviral therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1999 May. 140(5):931-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Kleeman D, Trueb RM, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. [Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures. Dowling-Degos disease of the intertrigo type in association with acne inversa]. Hautarzt. 2001 Jul. 52(7):642-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Libow LF, Friar DA. Arthropathy associated with cystic acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, and perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens: treatment with isotretinoin. Cutis. 1999 Aug. 64(2):87-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Thein M, Hogarth MB, Acland K. Seronegative arthritis associated with the follicular occlusion triad. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004. 29:545-62.

69. Bhosale P, Barron B, Lamki L. The "SAPHO" syndrome: a case report of a patient with unusual bone scan findings. Clin Nucl Med. 2001 Jul. 26(7):619-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Ah-Weng A, Langtry JA, Velangi S, Evans CD, Douglas WS. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with hidradenitis suppurativa. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005 Nov. 30(6):669-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Russ E, Castillo M. Lumbosacral epidural abscess due to hidradenitis suppurativa. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Mar. 178(3):770-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Rehman N, Kannan RY, Hassan S, Hart NB. Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) type I V-Y advancement flap in axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Jun. 58(4):441-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Jansen T, Plewig G. Acne inversa. Int J Dermatol. 1998 Feb. 37(2):96-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Gupta S, Kumar B. Dorsal perforation of prepuce: a common end point of severe ulcerative genital diseases?. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Jun. 76(3):210-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Lapins J, Ye W, Nyren O, Emtestam L. Incidence of cancer among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Arch Dermatol. 2001 Jun. 137(6):730-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Malaguarnera M, Pontillo T, Pistone G, Succi L. Squamous-cell cancer in Verneuil's disease (hidradenitis suppurativa). Lancet. 1996 Nov 23. 348(9039):1449. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Maclean GM, Coleman DJ. Three fatal cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic perineal hidradenitis suppurativa. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007 Oct. 89(7):709-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Crain VA, Gulati S, Bhat S, Milner SM. Marjolin's ulcer in chronic hidradenitis suppurativa. Am Fam Physician. 2005 May 1. 71(9):1652, 1657. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Kurzen H, Jung EG, Hartschuh W, Moll I, Franke WW, Moll R. Forms of epithelial differentiation of draining sinus in acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa). Br J Dermatol. 1999 Aug. 141(2):231-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Kurokawa I, Nishijima S, Kusumoto K, Senzaki H, Shikata N, Tsubura A. Immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins in hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). J Int Med Res. 2002 Mar-Apr. 30(2):131-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Kurokawa I, Nishijima S, Suzuki K, et al. Cytokeratin expression in pilonidal sinus. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Mar. 146(3):409-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Kurokawa I, Nishimura K, Yamanaka K, Mizutani H, Tsubura A, Revuz J. Cytokeratin expression in squamous cell carcinoma arising from hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). J Cutan Pathol. 2007 Sep. 34(9):675-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Jemec GB, Gniadecka M. Ultrasound examination of hair follicles in hidradenitis suppurativa. Arch Dermatol. 1997 Aug. 133(8):967-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Jansen T, Romiti R, Plewig G, Altmeyer P. Disfiguring draining sinus tracts in a female acne patient. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000 Mar-Apr. 17(2):123-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Gniadecki R, Jemec GB. Lipid raft-enriched stem cell-like keratinocytes in the epidermis, hair follicles and sinus tracts in hidradenitis suppurativa. Exp Dermatol. 2004 Jun. 13(6):361-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Matusiak L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor serum level is a useful marker of hidradenitis suppurativa clinical staging. Biomarkers. 2009 Sep. 14(6):432-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Aksakal AB, Adisen E. Hidradenitis suppurativa: importance of early treatment; efficient treatment with electrosurgery. Dermatol Surg. 2008 Feb. 34(2):228-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Boer J, van Gemert MJ. Long-term results of isotretinoin in the treatment of 68 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Jan. 40(1):73-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. van Rappard DC, Mooij JE, Mekkes JR. Mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa treated with local excision and primary closure. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012 Jul. 26(7):898-902. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Yamashita Y, Hashimoto I, Matsuo S, Abe Y, Ishida S, Nakanishi H. Two-stage surgery for hidradenitis suppurativa: staged artificial dermis and skin grafting. Dermatol Surg. 2014 Feb. 40(2):110-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Jianbing T, Biao C, Qin L, Yanhong W. Topical negative pressure coupled with split-thickness skin grafting for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a case report. Int Wound J. 2013 Jul 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Busnardo FF, Coltro PS, Olivan MV, Busnardo AP, Ferreira MC. The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in the treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa: effect on preservation of arm abduction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Oct. 128(4):949-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Alharbi M, Perignon D, Assaf N, Qassemyar Q, Elsamad Y, Sinna R. Application of the inner arm perforator flap in the management of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2014 Feb. 59(1):29-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Bodzin JH. Laser ablation of complex perianal fistulas preserves continence and is a rectum-sparing alternative in Crohn's disease patients. Am Surg. 1998 Jul. 64(7):627-31; discussion 632. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Lapins J, Sartorius K, Emtestam L. Scanner-assisted carbon dioxide laser surgery: a retrospective follow-up study of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Aug. 47(2):280-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Madan V, Hindle E, Hussain W, August PJ. Outcomes of treatment of nine cases of recalcitrant severe hidradenitis suppurativa with carbon dioxide laser. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Dec. 159(6):1309-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Hynes PJ, Earley MJ, Lawlor D. Split-thickness skin grafts and negative-pressure dressings in the treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Plast Surg. 2002 Sep. 55(6):507-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Rhode JM, Burke WM, Cederna PS, Haefner HK. Outcomes of surgical management of stage III vulvar hidradenitis suppurativa. J Reprod Med. 2008 Jun. 53(6):420-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Frohlich D, Baaske D, Glatzel M. [Radiotherapy of hidradenitis suppurativa--still valid today?]. Strahlenther Onkol. 2000 Jun. 176(6):286-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. [Guideline] Alikhan A, Sayed C, Alavi A, Alhusayen R, Brassard A, Burkhart C, et al. North American clinical management guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa: A publication from the United States and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundations: Part I: Diagnosis, evaluation, and the use of complementary and procedural management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Jul. 81 (1):76-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. [Guideline] Alikhan A, Sayed C, Alavi A, Alhusayen R, Brassard A, Burkhart C, et al. North American clinical management guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa: A publication from the United States and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundations: Part II: Topical, intralesional, and systemic medical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Jul. 81 (1):91-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

102. Sokumbi O, Hodge DO, Ederaine SA, Alavi A, Alikhan A. Comorbid diseases of hidradenitis suppurativa: a 15-year population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. Int J Dermatol. 2022 Nov. 61 (11):1372-1379. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Kimball AB, Sobell JM, Zouboulis CC, Gu Y, Williams DA, Sundaram M, et al. HiSCR (Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response): a novel clinical endpoint to evaluate therapeutic outcomes in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa from the placebo-controlled portion of a phase 2 adalimumab study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Jul 22. 27(6):528-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Markota Čagalj A, Marinović B, Bukvić Mokos Z. New and Emerging Targeted Therapies for Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 29. 23 (7):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

105. Yildiz H, Senol L, Ercan E, Bilgili ME, Karabudak Abuaf O. A prospective randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Int J Dermatol. 2016 Feb. 55 (2):232-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Jemec GB. Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jan 12. 366(2):158-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Boer J, Nazary M. Long-term results of acitretin therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Is acne inversa also a misnomer?. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Jan. 164(1):170-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. van Straalen KR, Schneider-Burrus S, Prens EP. Current and future treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Jul 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Jamshidi M, Obermeyer RJ, Govindaraj S, Garcia A, Ghani A. Acute pancreatitis secondary to isotretinoin-induced hyperlipidemia. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 Feb. 95(2):79-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos EV. Axillary hidradenitis suppurativa successfully treated with infliximab in a Crohn's disease patient. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug. 97(8):2155-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Lebwohl B, Sapadin AN. Infliximab for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Nov. 49(5 Suppl):S275-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Rosi YL, Lowe L, Kang S. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with infliximab in a patient with Crohn's disease. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005 Feb. 16(1):58-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Trent JT, Kerdel FA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors for the treatment of dermatologic diseases. Dermatol Nurs. 2005 Apr. 17(2):97-107. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Sullivan TP, Welsh E, Kerdel FA, Burdick AE, Kirsner RS. Infliximab for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Nov. 149(5):1046-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Gupta AK, Skinner AR. A review of the use of infliximab to manage cutaneous dermatoses. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004 Mar-Apr. 8(2):77-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Grant A, Gonzalez T, Montgomery MO, Cardenas V, Kerdfel FA. Infliximab therapy for patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa: A randomized, double blind, placebo-control crossover trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010. 62:205-17.

117. Mekkes JR, Bos JD. Long-term efficacy of a single course of infliximab in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Feb. 158(2):370-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Ingram JR, McPhee M. Management of hidradenitis suppurativa: a U.K. survey of current practice. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Oct. 173 (4):1070-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Ingram JR, Woo PN, Chua SL, Ormerod AD, Desai N, Kai AC, et al. Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa: a Cochrane systematic review incorporating GRADE assessment of evidence quality. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Jan 23. 32(2):204-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Lee RA, Dommasch E, Treat J, et al. A prospective clinical trial of open-label etanercept for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Apr. 60(4):565-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Pelekanou E, Antonopoulou A, et al. An open-label phase II study of the safety and efficacy of etanercept for the therapy of hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Mar. 158(3):567-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Marina Jovanovic, MD, PhD Chief of Dermatology Ward and Contact Dermatitis Investigative Unit, Clinic of Dermatoveneroleogic Diseases, Clinical Center, Novi Sad, Serbia; Professor in Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George Kihiczak, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School and University Hospital

George Kihiczak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Medical Society of New Jersey

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Jeffrey J Miller, MD Associate Professor of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Staff Dermatologist, Pennsylvania State Milton S Hershey Medical Center

Jeffrey J Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Association of Professors of Dermatology, North American Hair Research Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD<br/>Served as a speaker for various universities, dermatology societies, and dermatology departments.

Andrea Leigh Zaenglein, MD Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Department of Dermatology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Andrea Leigh Zaenglein, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Galderma for consulting; Received consulting fee from Valeant for consulting; Received consulting fee from Promius for consulting; Received consulting fee from Anacor for consulting; Received grant/research funds from Stiefel for investigator; Received grant/research funds from Astellas for investigator; Received grant/research funds from Ranbaxy for other; Received consulting fee from Ranbaxy for consulting.

Diana Fite, MD, FACEP Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Hermann Hospital

Diana Fite, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Women Emergency Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Geibel, MD, DSc, MA Vice Chair and Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Gastrointestinal Medicine, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine; Director, Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital

John Geibel, MD, DSc, MA is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, Association for Academic Surgery, International Society of Nephrology, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract

Disclosure: AMGEN Royalty Consulting; Ardelyx Ownership interest Board membership

Ravi Pokala Kiran, MBBS, MS, FRCS (Eng), FRCS (Glas) Staff Physician, Department of General Surgery, St Mary's Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David L Morris, MD, PhD, FRACS Professor, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Australia

David L Morris, MD, PhD, FRACS is a member of the following medical societies: British Society of Gastroenterology

Disclosure: RFA Medical None Director; MRC Biotec None Director

Naveen Pokala, MBBS, MS, FRCS Staff Physician, Department of Surgery, Bronx Lebanon Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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