Sections

Hyperhidrosis

Medication

Medication Summary

The goals of pharmacotherapy for hyperhidrosis are to reduce morbidity and prevent complications. Control of palmar hyperhidrosis with a new dry-type iontophoretic device has been described.^[79]Dry-type iontophoresis may reduce palmar sweating more conveniently than other conventional methods.^[80] Although usually an oral preparation, oxybutynin transdermal may be beneficial in selected patients with hyperhidrosis.^[81]Similarly, oxybutynin 3% gel has been used successfully for the primary focal hyperhidrosis in adolescents and young adults.^[82] Use of glycopyrronium tosylate topical for primary axillary hyperhidrosis in adults and children aged 9 years or older is also a consideration.^{[28, 29]}

Class Summary

These agents are antiperspirants that are used in the management of hyperhidrosis.

Aluminum chloride topical (20% Drysol)

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Certin-Dri and Xerac are over-the-counter products at low concentrations. These work best if applied to a dry area and covered with plastic overnight. Aluminum chloride should be washed off in the morning. Effects should be noted within 1 month.

Class Summary

Topical glycopyrronium tosylate for primary axillary hyperhidrosis is available, allowing for a more tolerable route of administration. Orally administered anticholinergics are usually avoided because they are poorly tolerated at the required doses when given systemically. Acetylcholine is the preglandular neurotransmitter for sweat secretion. These drugs inhibit the binding of acetylcholine to the cholinergic receptor. Clinical effects usually occur within days.

Glycopyrronium tosylate topical (Qbrexza)

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This is a topically applied anticholinergic agent that inhibits the action of acetylcholine on sweat glands. It is indicated for primary axillary hyperhidrosis in adults and children aged 9 years or older. It is applied using single-use, premoistened cloth to clean, dry skin on the underarm areas only, no more frequently than once every 24 hours.

Propantheline (Pro-Banthine)

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Propantheline blocks the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic parasympathetic receptor sites.

Glycopyrrolate (Robinul)

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Glycopyrrolate acts in the smooth muscle, CNS, and secretory glands to block the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites.

Benztropine (Cogentin)

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Benztropine blocks striatal cholinergic receptors; it may help balance cholinergic and dopaminergic activity in the striatum.

Oxybutynin (Ditropan)

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Oxybutynin inhibits the action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle and has direct antispasmodic effects on smooth muscles. Although usually an oral preparation, its transdermal use for hyperhidrosis may be beneficial in selected patients.

Class Summary

These agents inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle and/or autonomic ganglia.

OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®)

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OnabotulinumtoxinA prevents calcium-dependent release of acetylcholine and produces a state of denervation at the neuromuscular junction and postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves in the sweat glands.

Each injection produces an area of anhydrosis approximately 1.2 cm in diameter. Treatment reportedly results in anhydrosis lasting 4-12 monts.

Injections of botulinum toxin must be repeated at varying intervals to maintain long-term results.

Questions

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Media Gallery

Hyperhidrosis of the palms. Courtesy of DermNet New Zealand (http://www.dermnetnz.org/assets/Uploads/hair-nails-sweat/hyperhidrosis.jpg).

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Author

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Rachel Altman, MD Staff Physician, Department of Dermatology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School

Rachel Altman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George Kihiczak, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School and University Hospital

George Kihiczak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Medical Society of New Jersey

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD Dermatologic/Mohs Surgeon, The Surgery Center at Plano Dermatology

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lester F Libow, MD Dermatopathologist, South Texas Dermatopathology Laboratory

Lester F Libow, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD<br/>Served as a speaker for various universities, dermatology societies, and dermatology departments.

Additional Contributors

Catharine Lisa Kauffman, MD, FACP Georgetown Dermatology and Georgetown Dermpath

Catharine Lisa Kauffman, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Royal Society of Medicine, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hyperhidrosis Medication

Medication Summary

Aluminum Compounds