Stühmer A. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (post-operationem) und ihreBeziehungenzur “Kraurosis glandis et praeputii penis”. Arch Dermatol Syph. 1928. 156:613-23.
Becker K, Meissner V, Farwick W, Bauer R, Gaiser MR. Lichen sclerosus and atopy in boys: coincidence or correlation?. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Feb. 168 (2):362-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yardley IE, Cosgrove C, Lambert AW. Paediatric preputial pathology: are we circumcising enough?. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007 Jan. 89(1):62-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Farrell AM, Dean D, Millard PR, Charnock FM, Wojnarowska F. Cytokine alterations in lichen sclerosus: an immunohistochemical study. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Nov. 155 (5):931-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bunker CB, Shim TN. Male genital lichen sclerosus. Indian J Dermatol. 2015 Mar-Apr. 60 (2):111-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kravvas G, Shim TN, Doiron PR, Freeman A, Jameson C, Minhas S, et al. The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Jan. 32 (1):91-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chan I, Oyama N, Neill SM, Wojnarowska F, Black MM, McGrath JA. Characterization of IgG autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004 Sep. 29 (5):499-504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sherman V, McPherson T, Baldo M, Salim A, Gao XH, Wojnarowska F. The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Sep. 24(9):1031-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Drut RM, Gomez MA, Drut R, Lojo MM. Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998 Mar-Apr. 15(2):85-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carlson J, Rohwedder A. Genital and epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated HPV types are frequently found in lichen sclerosus. J Cutan Pathol. 2000. 27:552.
Hald AK, Blaakaer J. The possible role of human papillomavirus infection in the development of lichen sclerosus. Int J Dermatol. 2018 Feb. 57 (2):139-146. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Berglund RK, Angermeier KW. Combined buccal mucosa graft and genital skin flap for reconstruction of extensive anterior urethral strictures. Urology. 2006 Oct. 68(4):707-10; discussion 710. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kizer WS, Prarie T, Morey AF. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic distribution in an equal access health care system. South Med J. 2003 Jan. 96(1):9-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D. Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons. J R Soc Med. 2003 Sep. 96(9):449-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Becker K. Lichen sclerosus in boys. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011 Jan. 108(4):53-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Nelson DM, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: epidemiological distribution in an equal access health care system. J Urol. 2011 Feb. 185(2):522-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mohammed A, Shegil IS, Christou D, Khan A, Barua JM. Paediatric balanitis xerotica obliterans: an 8-year experience. Arch Ital Urol Androl. March 2012. 84:12-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kuehhas FE, Miernik A, Weibl P, Schoenthaler M, Sevcenco S, Schauer I, et al. Incidence of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in Boys Younger than 10 Years Presenting with Phimosis. Urol Int. 2012 Dec 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M, et al. Circumcision and genital dermatoses. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Mar. 136(3):350-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kiss A, Kiraly L, Kutasy B, Merksz M. High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005 Jul-Aug. 22(4):305-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pradhan A, Patel R, Said AJ, Upadhyaya M. 10 Years' Experience in Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: A Single-Institution Study. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Jun. 29 (3):302-306. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chalmers RJ, Burton PA, Bennett RF, Goring CC, Smith PJ. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. A common and distinctive cause of phimosis in boys. Arch Dermatol. 1984 Aug. 120(8):1025-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rossi E, Pavanello P, Franchella A. [Lichen sclerosus in children with phimosis]. Minerva Pediatr. 2007 Dec. 59(6):761-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pugliese JM, Morey AF, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. J Urol. 2007 Dec. 178(6):2268-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nasca MR, Innocenzi D, Micali G. Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Dec. 41(6):911-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nemoto K, Ishidate T. [Balanitis xerotica obliterans with phimosis in elderly patients presenting with difficulty in urination]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2013 Jun. 59(6):341-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clouston D, Hall A, Lawrentschuk N. Penile lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). BJU Int. 2011 Nov. 108 Suppl 2:14-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Singh I, Ansari MS. Extensive balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) involving the anterior urethra and scrotum. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006. 38(3-4):505-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Singh JP, Priyadarshi V, Goel HK, Vijay MK, Pal DK, Chakraborty S, et al. Penile lichen sclerosus: An urologist's nightmare! - A single center experience. Urol Ann. 2015 Jul-Sep. 7 (3):303-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Lichen sclerosus in 68 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: frequent atypias and correlation with special carcinoma variants suggests a precancerous role. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 Nov. 27 (11):1448-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pietrzak P, Hadway P, Corbishley CM, Watkin NA. Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated?. BJU Int. 2006 Jul. 98 (1):74-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sandler G, Patrick E, Cass D. Long standing balanitis xerotica obliterans resulting in renal impairment in a child. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008 Aug. 24(8):961-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Goolamali SI, Pakianathan M. Penile carcinoma arising in balanitis xerotica obliterans. Int J STD AIDS. 2006 Feb. 17(2):135-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lester EB, Swick BL. Eosinophils in biopsy specimens of lichen sclerosus: a not uncommon finding. J Cutan Pathol. 2014 Nov 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kiss A. The response of clinical balanitis xerotica obliterans to the application of topical steroid-based creams. J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Mar. 41(3):606; author reply 606-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ghysel C, Vander Eeckt K, Bogaert GA. Long-term efficiency of skin stretching and a topical corticoid cream application for unretractable foreskin and phimosis in prepubertal boys. Urol Int. 2009. 82(1):81-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ratz JL. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984 May. 10(5 Pt 2):925-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lowenstein EB, Zeichner JA. Intralesional adalimumab for the treatment of refractory balanitis xerotica obliterans. JAMA Dermatol. 2013 Jan 1. 149(1):23-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ebert AK, Vogt T, Rosch WH. [Topical therapy of balanitis xerotica obliterans in childhood. Long-term clinical results and an overview]. Urologe A. 2007 Dec. 46(12):1682-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Potts BA, Belsante MJ, Peterson AC. Intraurethral Steroids are a Safe and Effective Treatment for Stricture Disease in Patients with Biopsy-Proven Lichen Sclerosus. J Urol. 2015 Dec 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Akel R, Fuller C. Updates in lichen sclerosis: British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2018. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Apr. 178 (4):823-824. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wilkinson DJ, Lansdale N, Everitt LH, et al. Foreskin preputioplasty and intralesional triamcinolone: a valid alternative to circumcision for balanitis xerotica obliterans. J Pediatr Surg. April 2012. 47:756-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dubey D, Sehgal A, Srivastava A, Mandhani A, Kapoor R, Kumar A. Buccal mucosal urethroplasty for balanitis xerotica obliterans related urethral strictures: the outcome of 1 and 2-stage techniques. J Urol. 2005 Feb. 173(2):463-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Levine LA, Strom KH, Lux MM. Buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture repair: evaluation of the impact of stricture location and lichen sclerosus on surgical outcome. J Urol. 2007 Nov. 178(5):2011-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Palminteri E, Berdondini E, Lazzeri M, Mirri F, Barbagli G. Resurfacing and reconstruction of the glans penis. Eur Urol. 2007 Sep. 52(3):893-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Celis S, Reed F, Murphy F, et al. Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children and adolescents: A literature review and clinical series. J Pediatr Urol. 2014 Feb. 10(1):34-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Simsek A, Onol SY, Kurt O. Treatment of urethral strictures in balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) using circular buccal mucosal meatoplasy: experience of 15 cases. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2014 Mar 28. 86(1):23-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zavras N, Christianakis E, Mpourikas D, Ereikat K. Conservative treatment of phimosis with fluticasone proprionate 0.05%: a clinical study in 1185 boys. J Pediatr Urol. 2009. 5:181-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].