Mucosal Candidiasis Questions & Answers

1. Baumgardner DJ. Oral Fungal Microbiota: To Thrush and Beyond. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2019 Fall. 6 (4):252-261. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Nobile CJ, Johnson AD. Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015. 69:71-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Arendorf TM, Walker DM. The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in man. Arch Oral Biol. 1980. 25 (1):1-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Pirotta MV, Garland SM. Genital Candida species detected in samples from women in Melbourne, Australia, before and after treatment with antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Sep. 44 (9):3213-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Millsop JW, Fazel N. Oral candidiasis. Clin Dermatol. 2016 Jul-Aug. 34 (4):487-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Conti HR, Peterson AC, Brane L, Huppler AR, Hernández-Santos N, Whibley N, et al. Oral-resident natural Th17 cells and γδ T cells control opportunistic Candida albicans infections. J Exp Med. 2014 Sep 22. 211 (10):2075-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Pakshir K, Ghasemi N, Zomorodian K, Jowkar F, Nouraei H, Dastgheib L. Identification and Antifungal Activity Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris with Oral Lesions. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2019 Sep. 27 (3):137-141. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Meighani G, Aghamohammadi A, Javanbakht H, Abolhassani H, Nikayin S, Jafari SM, et al. Oral and dental health status in patients with primary antibody deficiencies. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011 Dec. 10(4):289-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Alnuaimi AD, Wiesenfeld D, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC, McCullough MJ. Oral Candida colonization in oral cancer patients and its relationship with traditional risk factors of oral cancer: a matched case-control study. Oral Oncol. 2015 Feb. 51 (2):139-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Staniszewska M, Bondaryk M, Piłat J, Siennicka K, Magda U, Kurzatkowski W. [Virulence factors of Candida albicans]. Przegl Epidemiol. 2012. 66 (4):629-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Rane HS, Hardison S, Botelho C, Bernardo SM, Wormley F Jr, Lee SA. Candida albicans VPS4 contributes differentially to epithelial and mucosal pathogenesis. Virulence. 2014. 5 (8):810-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Cassone A. Vulvovaginal Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects. BJOG. 2015 May. 122 (6):785-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Lafleur MD, Qi Q, Lewis K. Patients with long-term oral carriage harbor high-persister mutants of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Jan. 54(1):39-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Wall G, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Vidal Bonifacio B, Lopez-Ribot JL, Uppuluri P. Candida albicans biofilm growth and dispersal: contributions to pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2019 Dec. 52:1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Glocker E, Grimbacher B. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and congenital susceptibility to Candida. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Dec. 10 (6):542-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, et al. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jan. 34 (1):e14578. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003. 14(4):253-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Lalla RV, Patton LL, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Oral candidiasis: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment strategies. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2013 Apr. 41 (4):263-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. [Guideline] Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15. 62 (4):409-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Karbach J, Ebenezer S, Warnke PH, Behrens E, Al-Nawas B. Antimicrobial effect of Australian antibacterial essential oils as alternative to common antiseptic solutions against clinically relevant oral pathogens. Clin Lab. 2015. 61 (1-2):61-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Niimi M, Firth NA, Cannon RD. Antifungal drug resistance of oral fungi. Odontology. 2010 Feb. 98 (1):15-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Du H, Bing J, Hu T, Ennis CL, Nobile CJ, Huang G. Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence. PLoS Pathog. 2020 Oct. 16 (10):e1008921. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Noxafil ® (posaconazole) label. Reference ID: 4812860. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/205053s011,205596s013lbl.pdf. 06/2021; Accessed: 05/22/2022.

24. VFEND® (voriconazole) label. Reference ID: 2866932. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021266s032lbl.pdf. 06/2010; Accessed: 05/22/2022.

25. White DJ, Johnson EM, Warnock DW. Management of persistent vulvo vaginal candidosis due to azole-resistant Candida glabrata. Genitourin Med. 1993 Apr. 69 (2):112-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Iavazzo C, Gkegkes ID, Zarkada IM, Falagas ME. Boric acid for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: the clinical evidence. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011 Aug. 20 (8):1245-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Jo JK, El-Fiqi A, Lee JH, Kim DA, Kim HW, Lee HH. Rechargeable microbial anti-adhesive polymethyl methacrylate incorporating silver sulfadiazine-loaded mesoporous silica nanocarriers. Dent Mater. 2017 Oct. 33 (10):e361-e372. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Boriollo MF, Bassi RC, dos Santos Nascimento CM, Feliciano LM, Francisco SB, Barros LM. Distribution and hydrolytic enzyme characteristics of Candida albicans strains isolated from diabetic patients and their non-diabetic consorts. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Dec. 24(6):437-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. De Seta F, Schmidt M, Vu B, Essmann M, Larsen B. Antifungal mechanisms supporting boric acid therapy of Candida vaginitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Feb. 63 (2):325-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/candidiasis.htm. June 4, 2015; Accessed: March 27, 2020.

31. Finch RG, Greenwood D, Whitley RJ, Norrby SR. Superficial and mucocutaneous mycoses. Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2010.

32. Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV. Infections, infestations and bites. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. Sect. 12.

33. Frías-De-León MG et al. Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination. Pharmaceutics. 2021 Sep 22. 13 (10):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

John R Edminister, MD Resident Physician, Department of Dermatology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph L Jorizzo, MD Professor and Former (Founding) Chair, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Consulting Dermatologist, Veterans Administration Clinic

Joseph L Jorizzo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Cryosurgery, American College of Physicians, American Council on Graduate Medical Education, American Dermatological Association, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Skin Association, Argentine Society of Dermatology, British Association of Dermatologists, Chilean Society of Dermatology and Venereology, Dermatology Foundation, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, Forsyth County Medical Society, French Society of Dermatology, International Society of Dermatology, Italian Society of Dermatology, Medical Dermatology Society, National Psoriasis Foundation, North Carolina Dermatology Association, North Carolina Medical Society, Pacific Dermatologic Association, Royal Society of Medicine, Scottish Dermatological Society, Society for Investigative Dermatology, St John's Dermatological Society, Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Texas Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Krusinski, MD Director of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine

Paul Krusinski, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD<br/>Served as a speaker for various universities, dermatology societies, and dermatology departments.

Franklin Flowers, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Dermatology, Affiliate Associate Professor of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine

Franklin Flowers, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Mohs Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barbara B Wilson, MD Edward P Cawley Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine

Barbara B Wilson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Medical Society of Virginia, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Surbhi Gupta, MD

Surbhi Gupta, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association/Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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