Aphthous Stomatitis Questions & Answers

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3. Axéll T, Henricsson V. The occurrence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in an adult Swedish population. Acta Odontol Scand. 1985 May. 43(2):121-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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10. Davatchi F, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Jamshidi AR, et al. The prevalence of oral aphthosis in a normal population in Iran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. Arch Iran Med. 2008 Mar. 11 (2):207-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Abdullah MJ. Prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulceration experience in patients attending Piramird dental speciality in Sulaimani City. J Clin Exp Dent. 2013 Apr 1. 5 (2):e89-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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13. Thangadurai M, Andamuthu Y, Srinivasan A, Abikshyeet P, Kumar SJS, Vilvanathan V. Prevalence and family history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis among the students of a dental institution in south India. J Indian Acad Dental Specialist Researchers. 2014. 1(2):53-55.

14. Field EA, Brookes V, Tyldesley WR. Recurrent aphthous ulceration in children--a review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1992 Apr. 2 (1):1-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Lopez-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Martos N. Hematological study of patients with aphthous stomatitis. Int J Dermatol. 2014 Feb. 53 (2):159-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Sun A, Chen HM, Cheng SJ, Wang YP, Chang JY, Wu YC, et al. Significant association of deficiencies of hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid and high homocysteine level with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015 Apr. 44 (4):300-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Gallo Cde B, Mimura MA, Sugaya NN. Psychological stress and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009. 64(7):645-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Huling LB, Baccaglini L, Choquette L, Feinn RS, Lalla RV. Effect of stressful life events on the onset and duration of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012 Feb. 41(2):149-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. MacPhail LA, Greenspan D, Feigal DW, Lennette ET, Greenspan JS. Recurrent aphthous ulcers in association with HIV infection. Description of ulcer types and analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 Jun. 71(6):678-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Burton-Kee JE, Mowbray JF, Lehner T. Different cross-reacting circulating immune complexes in Behçet's syndrome and recurrent oral ulcers. J Lab Clin Med. 1981 Apr. 97(4):559-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Eglin RP, Lehner T, Subak-Sharpe JH. Detection of RNA complementary to herpes-simplex virus in mononuclear cells from patients with Behçet's syndrome and recurrent oral ulcers. Lancet. 1982 Dec 18. 2(8312):1356-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Jorizzo JL. Behcet's disease. Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, eds. Dermatology in General Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 1999. Vol 2: 2161-5.

23. Sakane T, Takeno M, Suzuki N, Inaba G. Behçet's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 21. 341(17):1284-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Studd M, McCance DJ, Lehner T. Detection of HSV-1 DNA in patients with Behçet's syndrome and in patients with recurrent oral ulcers by the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Microbiol. 1991 Jan. 34(1):39-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Adisen E, Aral A, Aybay C, Gürer MA. Salivary epidermal growth factor levels in Behçet's disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Dermatology. 2008. 217(3):235-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Hazzaa HH, Rashwan WA, Attia EA. IL-18 gene polymorphisms in aphthous stomatitis vs. Behçet's disease in a cohort of Egyptian patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 2014 Nov. 43 (10):746-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Ferguson MM, Wray D, Carmichael HA, Russell RI, Lee FD. Coeliac disease associated with recurrent aphthae. Gut. 1980 Mar. 21(3):223-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Ferguson R, Basu MK, Asquith P, Cooke WT. Jejunal mucosal abnormalities in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration. Br Med J. 1976 Jan 3. 1(6000):11-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Wray D. Gluten-sensitive recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1981 Aug. 26(8):737-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Yasar S, Yasar B, Abut E, Asiran Serdar Z. Clinical importance of celiac disease in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb. 23(1):14-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. de Carvalho FK, de Queiroz AM, Bezerra da Silva RA, Sawamura R, Bachmann L, Bezerra da Silva LA, et al. Oral aspects in celiac disease children: clinical and dental enamel chemical evaluation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015 Jun. 119 (6):636-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Zunt S. Severe/frequent recurrent aphthous ulcers and salivary flow rates. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol and Oral Rad. 2004. 98(2):

33. Miller MF, Garfunkel AA, Ram C, Ship II. Inheritance patterns in recurrent aphthous ulcers: twin and pedigree data. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1977 Jun. 43(6):886-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Slebioda Z, Szponar E, Kowalska A. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: genetic aspects of etiology. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2013 Apr. 30 (2):96-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bidoki AZ, Harsini S, Sadr M, Soltani S, Mohammadzadeh M, Najafi S, et al. NLRP3 gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015 May 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Najafi S, Yousefi H, Mohammadzadeh M, Bidoki AZ, Firouze Moqadam I, Farhadi E, et al. Association study of interleukin-1 family and interleukin-6 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Int J Immunogenet. 2015 Dec. 42 (6):428-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Wilhelmsen NS, Weber R, Monteiro F, Kalil J, Miziara ID. Correlation between histocompatibility antigens and recurrent aphthous stomatitis in the Brazilian population. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 May-Jun. 75(3):426-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kozlak ST, Walsh SJ, Lalla RV. Reduced dietary intake of vitamin B12 and folate in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010 Feb 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Carrozzo M. Vitamin B12 for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Evid Based Dent. 2009. 10(4):114-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Baccaglini L, Lalla RV, Bruce AJ, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Latortue MC, Carrozzo M, et al. Urban legends: recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis. 2011 Nov. 17(8):755-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Yasui K, Kurata T, Yashiro M, Tsuge M, Ohtsuki S, Morishima T. The effect of ascorbate on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Dec 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Khabbazi A, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Fanood F, Kolahi S, Hajialiloo M, Rashtchizadeh N. A comparative study of vitamin D serum levels in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Egyptian Rheumatol. 2015. 37(3):133-37.

43. Sun A, Chu CT, Wu YC, Yuan JH. Mechanisms of depressed natural killer cell activity in recurrent aphthous ulcers. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1991 Jul. 60(1):83-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Lewkowicz N, Kur B, Kurnatowska A, Tchorzewski H, Lewkowicz P. Expression of Th1/Th2/Th3/Th17-related genes in recurrent aphthous ulcers. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2011 Oct. 59(5):399-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Taylor LJ, Bagg J, Walker DM, Peters TJ. Increased production of tumour necrosis factor by peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with recurrent oral aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992 Jan. 21(1):21-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Hasan A, Childerstone A, Pervin K, et al. Recognition of a unique peptide epitope of the mycobacterial and human heat shock protein 65-60 antigen by T cells of patients with recurrent oral ulcers. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Mar. 99(3):392-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Miyamoto NT Jr, Borra RC, Abreu M, Weckx LL, Franco M. Immune-expression of HSP27 and IL-10 in recurrent aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008 Sep. 37(8):462-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Albanidou-Farmaki E, Poulopoulos AK, Epivatianos A, Farmakis K, Karamouzis M, Antoniades D. Increased anxiety level and high salivary and serum cortisol concentrations in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2008 Apr. 214(4):291-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Borra RC, de Mesquita Barros F, de Andrade Lotufo M, Villanova FE, Andrade PM. Toll-like receptor activity in recurrent aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009 Mar. 38(3):289-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Arikan S, Durusoy C, Akalin N, Haberal A, Seckin D. Oxidant/antioxidant status in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis. 2009 Oct. 15(7):512-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Bagan J, Saez G, Tormos C, Gavalda C, Sanchis JM, Bagan L, et al. Oxidative stress and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Nov. 18 (8):1919-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Ozdemir IY, Calka O, Karadag AS, Akdeniz N, Ozturk M. Thyroid autoimmunity associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012 Feb. 26(2):226-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Ghodratnama F, Wray D, Bagg J. Detection of serum antibodies against cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus and human herpesvirus 6 in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999 Jan. 28(1):12-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Pedersen A, Hornsleth A. Recurrent aphthous ulceration: a possible clinical manifestation of reactivation of varicella zoster or cytomegalovirus infection. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993 Feb. 22(2):64-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Li L, Gu H, Zhang G. Association between recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Jul. 18 (6):1553-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Albanidou-Farmaki E, Giannoulis L, Markopoulos A, et al. Outcome following treatment for Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis. 2005 Jan. 11(1):22-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Birek C, Grandhi R, McNeill K, Singer D, Ficarra G, Bowden G. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in oral aphthous ulcers. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999 May. 28(5):197-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Elsheikh MN, Mahfouz ME. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in recurrent aphthous ulcerations in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the pharynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Sep. 131(9):804-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Asmar M, Bagherzadeh AH, Ekbataninezhad S. Helicobacter pylori infection in oral lesions of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Dec. 11(12):CR576-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Porter SR, Barker GR, Scully C, Macfarlane G, Bain L. Serum IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and other oral disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Mar. 83(3):325-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Hijazi K, Lowe T, Meharg C, Berry SH, Foley J, Hold GL. Mucosal microbiome in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Dent Res. 2015 Mar. 94 (3 Suppl):87S-94S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Hay KD, Reade PC. The use of an elimination diet in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulceration of the oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984 May. 57 (5):504-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Shim YJ, Choi JH, Ahn HJ, Kwon JS. Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Oral Dis. 2012 Oct. 18 (7):655-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Herlofson BB, Barkvoll P. Sodium lauryl sulfate and recurrent aphthous ulcers. A preliminary study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1994 Oct. 52 (5):257-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Hasan AA, Ciancio S. Association between ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the emergence of aphthous-like ulcers. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2009 Jan. 11(1):155-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Scully C, Gorsky M, Lozada-Nur F. The diagnosis and management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a consensus approach. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Feb. 134 (2):200-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Samaranayake LPK, Cheung L. Samaranayake YH. Candidiasis and other fungal diseases of the mouth. Dermatol Ther. 2001. 15:251-69.

68. Abahussein O. Ulceration in Rheumatic Disease. Matucci-Cerinic M, Furst D, Fiorentino E, eds. Skin Manifestations in Rheumatic Disease. 1st ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2014. 63-70.

69. Daley TD, Armstrong JE. Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007 Apr. 21 (4):241-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Cohen PR. Sweet's syndrome--a comprehensive review of an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jul 26. 2:34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Boxer L, Dale DC. Neutropenia: causes and consequences. Semin Hematol. 2002 Apr. 39 (2):75-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Padeh S, Stoffman N, Berkun Y. Periodic fever accompanied by aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis syndrome (PFAPA syndrome) in adults. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 May. 10(5):358-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Cantarini L, Vitale A, Bartolomei B, Galeazzi M, Rigante D. Diagnosis of PFAPA syndrome applied to a cohort of 17 adults with unexplained recurrent fevers. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Mar-Apr. 30(2):269-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Imai H, Motegi M, Mizuki N, Ohtani H, Komatsuda A, Hamai K, et al. Mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage (MAGIC syndrome): a case report and literature review. Am J Med Sci. 1997 Nov. 314 (5):330-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Ramírez-Amador V, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Sierra-Madero J, Anaya-Saavedra G, González-Ramírez I, Ponce-de-León S. The Changing Clinical Spectrum of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Related Oral Lesions in 1,000 Consecutive Patients: A 12-Year Study in a Referral Center in Mexico. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jan. 82 (1):39-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Kimura S, Kuroda J, Akaogi T, Hayashi H, Kobayashi Y, Kondo M. Trisomy 8 involved in myelodysplastic syndromes as a risk factor for intestinal ulcers and thrombosis--Behçet's syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001 Jun. 42 (1-2):115-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Davatchi F. Diagnosis/Classification Criteria for Behcet's Disease. Patholog Res Int. 2012. 2012:607921. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. O'Neill TW, Rigby AS, Silman AJ, Barnes C. Validation of the International Study Group criteria for Behçet's disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Feb. 33 (2):115-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Tappuni AR, Kovacevic T, Shirlaw PJ, Challacombe SJ. Clinical assessment of disease severity in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013 Sep. 42 (8):635-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Challacombe SJ, Alsahaf S, Tappuni A. Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: Towards Evidence-Based Treatment?. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2015. 2:158-67.

81. Ekiz O, Balta I, Sen BB, Rifaioglu EN, Ergin C, Balta S, et al. Mean platelet volume in recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Behçet disease. Angiology. 2014 Feb. 65 (2):161-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Rogers RS 3rd, Hutton KP. Screening for haematinic deficiencies in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Australas J Dermatol. 1986 Dec. 27(3):98-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Alidaee MR, Taheri A, Mansoori P, Ghodsi SZ. Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Sep. 153(3):521-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Brice SL. Clinical evaluation of the use of low-intensity ultrasound in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Jan. 83(1):14-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Brocklehurst P, Tickle M, Glenny AM, Lewis MA, Pemberton MN, Taylor J, et al. Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12. 9:CD005411. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Liu C, Zhou Z, Liu G, Wang Q, Chen J, Wang L, et al. Efficacy and safety of dexamethasone ointment on recurrent aphthous ulceration. Am J Med. 2012 Mar. 125 (3):292-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Meng W, Dong Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Zhong X, Chen R, et al. A clinical evaluation of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and comparison with amlexanox oral tablets: a randomized, placebo controlled, blinded, multicenter clinical trial. Trials. 2009 May 6. 10:30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Khandwala A, Van Inwegen RG, Charney MR, Alfano MC. 5% amlexanox oral paste, a new treatment for recurrent minor aphthous ulcers: II. Pharmacokinetics and demonstration of clinical safety. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Feb. 83 (2):231-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Bonitsis NG, Altenburg A, Krause L, Stache T, Zouboulis CC. Current concepts in the treatment of Adamantadies-Behçet’s disease. Drugs Future. 2009. 34:749–63.

90. Chavan M, Jain H, Diwan N, Khedkar S, Shete A, Durkar S. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012 Sep. 41 (8):577-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Altenburg A, Abdel-Naser MB, Seeber H, Abdallah M, Zouboulis CC. Practical aspects of management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 Sep. 21 (8):1019-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Elad S, Epstein JB, von Bültzingslöwen I, Drucker S, Tzach R, Yarom N. Topical immunomodulators for management of oral mucosal conditions, a systematic review; Part II: miscellaneous agents. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2011 Mar. 16 (1):183-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Belenguer-Guallar I, Jiménez-Soriano Y, Claramunt-Lozano A. Treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A literature review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014 Apr. 6 (2):e168-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Sharquie KE, Helmi RM, Noaimi AA, Kadhom AA, Al-Hayani RK. Therapeutic role of isotretinoin in the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (Single-Blind Controlled Therapeutic Study). J Cosmetics Dermatological Sciences and Applications. 2015. 5:15-21.

95. Gorsky M, Epstein J, Rabenstein S, Elishoov H, Yarom N. Topical minocycline and tetracycline rinses in treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized cross-over study. Dermatol Online J. 2007 May 1. 13 (2):1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Clemente Rodríguez de Rivera E, Rodríguez de Rivera Campillo E, E. Jané Salas, Albuquerque R, López JL. O10364 Effectiveness of Bexident Post in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Rad. 2014. 117(5):e382.

97. Descroix V, Coudert AE, Vigé A, Durand JP, Toupenay S, Molla M, et al. Efficacy of topical 1% lidocaine in the symptomatic treatment of pain associated with oral mucosal trauma or minor oral aphthous ulcer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-dose study. J Orofac Pain. 2011 Fall. 25 (4):327-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Buchsel PC. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel (Gelclair): a bioadherent oral gel for the treatment of oral mucositis and other painful oral lesions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008 Nov. 4 (11):1449-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Ludlow JB, Kutcher MJ, Samuelson A. Intraoral digital imaging documenting recurrent aphthous ulcer healing in 2-octyl cyanoacrylate versus sham-treated lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000 Apr. 89 (4):425-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Campisi G, Spadari F, Salvato A. [Sucralfate in odontostomatology. Clinical experience]. Minerva Stomatol. 1997 Jun. 46 (6):297-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Ricer RE. Sucralfate vs. placebo for the treatment of aphthous ulcers: a double-blinded prospective clinical trial. Fam Pract Res J. 1989 Fall-Winter. 9 (1):33-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Halaszynski T. Management of Oral Ulcers and Burning Mouth Syndrome. Vadivelu N, Vadivelu A, Kaye AD, eds. Orofacial Pain: A Clinician’s Guide. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2014. 103-14.

103. Pinto A, Lindemeyer RG, Sollecito TP. The PFAPA syndrome in oral medicine: differential diagnosis and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006 Jul. 102 (1):35-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Femiano F, Buonaiuto C, Gombos F, Lanza A, Cirillo N. Pilot study on recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS): a randomized placebo-controlled trial for the comparative therapeutic effects of systemic prednisone and systemic montelukast in subjects unresponsive to topical therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Mar. 109 (3):402-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Katz J, Langevitz P, Shemer J, Barak S, Livneh A. Prevention of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with colchicine: an open trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Sep. 31 (3 Pt 1):459-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Dixon AJ, Wall GC. Probable colchicine-induced neutropenia not related to intentional overdose. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Feb. 35 (2):192-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Brown RS, Bottomley WK. Combination immunosuppressant and topical steroid therapy for treatment of recurrent major aphthae. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 Jan. 69 (1):42-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. de Abreu MA, Hirata CH, Pimentel DR, Weckx LL. Treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with clofazimine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Nov. 108(5):714-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Femiano F, Gombos F, Scully C. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis unresponsive to topical corticosteroids: a study of the comparative therapeutic effects of systemic prednisone and systemic sulodexide. Int J Dermatol. 2003 May. 42 (5):394-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, Ketter N, Fahey JL, Jackson JB, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 May 22. 336 (21):1487-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Thornhill MH, Baccaglini L, Theaker E, Pemberton MN. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pentoxifylline for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Apr. 143(4):463-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Hamdy AA, Ibrahem MA. Management of aphthous ulceration with topical quercetin: a randomized clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010 Jul 1. 11 (4):E009-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Mostafa AAE, Ibrahem MAE. Management of aphthous ulceration with topical quercetin. Cairo Dental J. 2009. 25(1):

114. Al-Maweri SA, Alaizari N, Alharbi AA, Alotaibi SA, AlQuhal A, Almutairi BF, et al. Efficacy of curcumin for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020 Sep 9. 1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Aggour RL, Mahmoud SH, Abdelwhab A. Evaluation of the effect of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2020 Aug 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Pedersen AML, Bukkehave KH, Bennett EP, Twetman S. Effect of Lozenges Containing Lactobacillus reuteri on the Severity of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers: a Pilot Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020 Sep. 12 (3):819-823. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Al-Maweri SA, Halboub E, Ashraf S, Alqutaibi AY, Qaid NM, Yahya K, et al. Single application of topical doxycycline in management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence. BMC Oral Health. 2020 Aug 24. 20 (1):231. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Ginat W Mirowski, MD, DMD Adjunct Associate Professor, Departments of Oral Pathology, Medicine, and Radiology, Indiana University School Medicine

Ginat W Mirowski, MD, DMD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Women's Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Heather C Rosengard, MPH Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Diana V Messadi, DDS, MMSc, DMSc Professor of Dentistry, Associate Dean for Education and Faculty Development, Chair, Section of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry

Diana V Messadi, DDS, MMSc, DMSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research, Women in Cancer Research, American Association for Dental Research, American Association of University Women, American Dental Association, American Dental Education Association, Arab American Dental Society, Association of Egyptian-American Scholars, California Dental Association, Egyptian Dental Association, International Association for Dental Research, Southern California Academy of Oral Pathology, West Los Angeles Dental Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Texas Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Warren R Heymann, MD Head, Division of Dermatology, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Warren R Heymann, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD<br/>Served as a speaker for various universities, dermatology societies, and dermatology departments.

David P Fivenson, MD Associate Director, St Joseph Mercy Hospital Dermatology Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan

David P Fivenson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Michigan State Medical Society, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Photomedicine Society, Wound Healing Society, Michigan Dermatological Society, Medical Dermatology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christy L Nebesio, MD Dermatologist

Christy L Nebesio, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey M Casiglia, DMD, DMSc Lecturer, Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Private Practice, Salem, Massachusetts

Jeffrey M Casiglia, DMD, DMSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Dental Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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