Mucocele and Ranula Questions & Answers

1. Harrison JD. Modern management and pathophysiology of ranula: literature review. Head Neck. 2010 Oct. 32(10):1310-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Hoque MO, Azuma M, Sato M. Significant correlation between matrix metalloproteinase activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in salivary extravasation mucoceles. J Oral Pathol Med. 1998 Jan. 27(1):30-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Azuma M, Tamatani T, Fukui K, et al. Proteolytic enzymes in salivary extravasation mucoceles. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995 Aug. 24(7):299-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Mun SJ, Choi HG, Kim H, et al. Ductal variation of the sublingual gland: a predisposing factor for ranula formation. Head Neck. 2014 Apr. 36(4):540-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Chidzonga MM, Rusakaniko S. Ranula: another HIV/AIDS associated oral lesion in Zimbabwe?. Oral Dis. 2004 Jul. 10(4):229-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Syebele K, Bütow KW. Oral mucoceles and ranulas may be part of initial manifestations of HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010 Oct. 26(10):1075-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Prado-Ribeiro AC, Santos-Silva AR, Faria KM, Silva WG, Simonato LE, Moutinho K, et al. Radiation-related superficial oral mucoceles: An under-recognized acute toxicity in head and neck cancer patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018 Sep 1. 23 (5):e518-e523. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Crean SJ, Connor C. Congenital mucoceles: report of two cases. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1996 Dec. 6(4):271-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Pownell PH, Brown OE, Pransky SM, Manning SC. Congenital abnormalities of the submandibular duct. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1992 Sep. 24(2):161-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Axell T. A prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Swedish population. Odontol Revy. 1976. 27(36):1-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Bessa CF, Santos PJ, Aguiar MC, do Carmo MA. Prevalence of oral mucosal alterations in children from 0 to 12 years old. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Jan. 33(1):17-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Zhao YF, Jia Y, Chen XM, Zhang WF. Clinical review of 580 ranulas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004 Sep. 98(3):281-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Pang CE, Lee TS, Pang KP, Pang YT. Thoracic ranula: an extremely rare case. J Laryngol Otol. 2005 Mar. 119(3):233-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Mínguez-Martinez I, Bonet-Coloma C, Ata-Ali-Mahmud J, Carrillo-García C, Peñarrocha-Diago M, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and evolution of 89 mucoceles in children. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Oct. 68(10):2468-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Wu CW, Kao YH, Chen CM, Hsu HJ, Chen CM, Huang IY. Mucoceles of the oral cavity in pediatric patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2011 Jul. 27(7):276-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Eveson JW. Superficial mucoceles: pitfall in clinical and microscopic diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Sep. 66(3):318-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Garcia-F-Villalta MJ, Pascual-Lopez M, Elices M, Dauden E, Garcia-Diez A, Fraga J. Superficial mucoceles and lichenoid graft versus host disease: report of three cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002. 82(6):453-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Mandel L. Plunging ranula following placement of mandibular implants: case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug. 66(8):1743-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Chi AC, Lambert PR 3rd, Richardson MS, Neville BW. Oral mucoceles: a clinicopathologic review of 1,824 cases, including unusual variants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Apr. 69(4):1086-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Campana F, Sibaud V, Chauvel A, Boiron JM, Taieb A, Fricain JC. Recurrent superficial mucoceles associated with lichenoid disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Dec. 64(12):1830-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Elsayed N, Shimo T, Harada F, et al. A challenging diagnosis of a mucocele in the maxillary gingiva: Case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2021 Jul. 84:106030. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Carlson ER, Ord RA. Benign Pediatric Salivary Gland Lesions. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2016 Feb. 28 (1):67-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Rao PK, Shetty SR, Hegde D. Ectopic pleomorphic adenoma. N Am J Med Sci. 2012 Apr. 4 (4):190-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Sousa Melo SL, Lanzel E, Pagedar NA, Alhazmi D, Dahmoush L, Policeni BA, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma mimicking a mucocele (ranula) in the floor of the mouth. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018 May. 47 (4):20170331. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Macdonald AJ, Salzman KL, Harnsberger HR. Giant ranula of the neck: differentiation from cystic hygroma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Apr. 24(4):757-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Osborne TE, Haller JA, Levin LS, Little BJ, King KE. Submandibular cystic hygroma resembling a plunging ranula in a neonate. Review and report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 Jan. 71(1):16-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Ali MK, Chiancone G, Knox GW. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a plunging ranula. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990 Mar. 48(3):305-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. La'porte SJ, Juttla JK, Lingam RK. Imaging the floor of the mouth and the sublingual space. Radiographics. 2011 Sep-Oct. 31(5):1215-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Lesperance MM. When do ranulas require a cervical approach?. Laryngoscope. 2013 Aug. 123(8):1826-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Yasumoto M, Nakagawa T, Shibuya H, Suzuki S, Satoh T. Ultrasonography of the sublingual space. J Ultrasound Med. 1993 Dec. 12(12):723-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Woo SH, Chi JH, Kim BH, Kwon SK. Treatment of intraoral ranulas with micromarsupialization: Clinical outcomes and safety from a phase II clinical trial. Head Neck. 2013 Dec 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Amaral MB, de Freitas JB, Mesquita RA. Upgrading of the micro-marsupialisation technique for the management of mucus extravasation or retention phenomena. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Dec. 41(12):1527-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Piazzetta CM, Torres-Pereira C, Amenábar JM. Micro-marsupialization as an alternative treatment for mucocele in pediatric dentistry. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012 Sep. 22(5):318-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Giraddi GB, Saifi AM. Micro-marsupialization versus surgical excision for the treatment of mucoceles. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Jul-Dec. 6 (2):204-209. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bodner L, Manor E, Joshua BZ, Shaco-Levy R. Oral Mucoceles in Children--Analysis of 56 New Cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015 Sep-Oct. 32 (5):647-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Prasad M, Kale TP, Halli R, Kotrashetti SM, Baliga SD. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy in the management of oral lesions: a retrospective clinical study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2009 Mar. 8 (1):40-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Aulakh KK, Brar RS, Azad A, Sharma S, Anand A, Jyoti B. Cryotherapy for Treatment of Mouth Mucocele. Niger J Surg. 2016 Jul-Dec. 22 (2):130-133. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Jinbu Y, Tsukinoki K, Kusama M, Watanabe Y. Recurrent multiple superficial mucocele on the palate: Histopathology and laser vaporization. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003 Feb. 95(2):193-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Jia Y, Zhao Y, Chen X. Clinical and histopathological review of 229 cases of ranula. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2011 Oct. 31(5):717-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. McCaul JA, Lamey PJ. Multiple oral mucoceles treated with gamma-linolenic acid: report of a case. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Dec. 32(6):392-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Luiz AC, Hiraki KR, Lemos CA Jr, Hirota SK, Migliari DA. Treatment of painful and recurrent oral mucoceles with a high-potency topical corticosteroid: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug. 66(8):1737-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Zhi K, Wen Y, Ren W, Zhang Y. Management of infant ranula. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jun. 72(6):823-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Sinha R, Sarkar S, Khaitan T, Kabiraj A, Maji A. Nonsurgical Management of Oral Mucocele by Intralesional Corticosteroid Therapy. Int J Dent. 2016. 2016:2896748. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Delbem AC, Cunha RF, Vieira AE, Ribeiro LL. Treatment of mucus retention phenomena in children by the micro-marsupialization technique: case reports. Pediatr Dent. 2000 Mar-Apr. 22(2):155-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Jinbu Y, Kusama M, Itoh H, Matsumoto K, Wang J, Noguchi T. Mucocele of the glands of Blandin-Nuhn: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 26 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003 Apr. 95(4):467-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Mintz S, Barak S, Horowitz I. Carbon dioxide laser excision and vaporization of nonplunging ranulas: a comparison of two treatment protocols. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Apr. 52(4):370-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Neumann RA, Knobler RM. Treatment of oral mucous cysts with an argon laser. Arch Dermatol. 1990 Jun. 126(6):829-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Fukase S, Ohta N, Inamura K, Aoyagi M. Treatment of ranula wth intracystic injection of the streptococcal preparation OK-432. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2003 Mar. 112(3):214-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Roh JL, Kim HS. Primary treatment of pediatric plunging ranula with nonsurgical sclerotherapy using OK-432 (Picibanil). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Sep. 72(9):1405-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Chow TL, Chan SW, Lam SH. Ranula successfully treated by botulinum toxin type A: report of 3 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Jan. 105(1):41-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Baurmash HD. Marsupialization for treatment of oral ranula: a second look at the procedure. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Dec. 50(12):1274-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Kim MG, Kim SG, Lee JH, Eun YG, Yeo SG. The therapeutic effect of OK-432 (picibanil) sclerotherapy for benign neck cysts. Laryngoscope. 2008 Dec. 118(12):2177-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Choi YJ, Byun JS, Choi JK, Jung JK. Identification of predictive variables for the recurrence of oral mucocele. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019 Mar 1. 24 (2):e231-e235. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Zhao YF, Jia J, Jia Y. Complications associated with surgical management of ranulas. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Jan. 63(1):51-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Chung YS, Cho Y, Kim BH. Comparison of outcomes of treatment for ranula: a proportion meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Sep. 57 (7):620-626. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Catherine M Flaitz, DDS, MS Chair, Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Surgical Dentistry, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus

Catherine M Flaitz, DDS, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Dental Association, American Dental Education Association, International Association for Dental Research

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Board of Trustees; Commissioner of Dental Accreditation; Director, American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American , Executive Council of American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology <br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Speakers Bureau<br/>Travel Grant from GC America; American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry for Continuing Education Presenter for: Multiple speaking engagements for state and national dental meetings.

M John Hicks, DDS, MD, PhD, MS Professor with Tenure, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine; Medical Director of Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital; Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texs Health Science Center at Houston

M John Hicks, DDS, MD, PhD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, International Academy of Pathology, International Association of Oral Pathologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David F Butler, MD Former Section Chief of Dermatology, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System; Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Founding Chair, Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Clinic

David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Phi Beta Kappa, Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Drore Eisen, MD, DDS Consulting Staff, Dermatology of Southwest Ohio

Drore Eisen, MD, DDS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Dental Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeff Burgess, DDS, MSD (Retired) Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington School of Dental Medicine; (Retired) Attending in Pain Center, University of Washington Medical Center; (Retired) Private Practice in Hawaii and Washington; Director, Oral Care Research Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Timothy McCalmont, MD Director, UCSF Dermatopathology Service, Professor of Clinical Pathology and Dermatology, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Cutaneous Pathology

Timothy McCalmont, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, American Society of Dermatopathology, California Medical Association, College of American Pathologists, United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Apsara for independent contractor.

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