Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Flint KH, Hawkins J, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012 Jun 8. 61 (4):1-162. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ali AK, Mohammed A, Thomas AA, Paul S, Shahul M, Kasim K. Tobacco Abuse and Associated Oral Lesions among Interstate Migrant Construction Workers. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017 Aug 1. 18 (8):695-699. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Naveen-Kumar B, Tatapudi R, Sudhakara-Reddy R, Alapati S, Pavani K, Sai-Praveen KN. Various forms of tobacco usage and its associated oral mucosal lesions. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016 Apr. 8 (2):e172-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Wahlberg I, Ringberger T. Smokeless tobacco. Davis DL, Nielsen MT, ed. Tobacco: production, chemistry and technology. (United Kingdom): Blackwell ScienceOxford; 1999. 452-460.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State-specific prevalence among adults of current cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use and per capita tax-paid sales of cigarettes--United States, 1997. JAMA. 1999 Jan 6. 281(1):29-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Javed F, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. Periodontal conditions and oral symptoms in gutka-chewers with and without type 2 diabetes. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008 Oct. 66(5):268-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arrazola RA, Singh T, Corey CG, Husten CG, Neff LJ, Apelberg BJ, et al. Tobacco use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Apr 17. 64 (14):381-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Couch ET, Chaffee BW, Gansky SA, Walsh MM. The changing tobacco landscape: What dental professionals need to know. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016 Mar 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Warnakulasuriya KA, Ralhan R. Clinical, pathological, cellular and molecular lesions caused by oral smokeless tobacco--a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007 Feb. 36(2):63-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Luo J, Ye W, Zendehdel K, et al. Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) and risk for cancer of the mouth, lung, and pancreas in male construction workers: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2007 Jun 16. 369(9578):2015-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hassan MM, Abbruzzese JL, Bondy ML, et al. Passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in association with risk for pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. Cancer. 2007 Jun 15. 109(12):2547-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Boffetta P, Aagnes B, Weiderpass E, Andersen A. Smokeless tobacco use and risk of cancer of the pancreas and other organs. Int J Cancer. 2005 May 10. 114(6):992-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Alguacil J, Silverman DT. Smokeless and other noncigarette tobacco use and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jan. 13(1):55-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Greer RO Jr. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011 Feb. 44(1):31-56, v. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A. Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012. 13(4):1633-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shulman JD, Beach MM, Rivera-Hidalgo F. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in U.S. adults: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004 Sep. 135(9):1279-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Greer RO Jr. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011 Feb. 44(1):31-56, v. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ahmed HG, Mahgoob RM. Impact of Toombak dipping in the etiology of oral cancer: gender-exclusive hazard in the Sudan. J Cancer Res Ther. 2007 Apr-Jun. 3(2):127-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Scheifele C, Nassar A, Reichart PA. Prevalence of oral cancer and potentially malignant lesions among shammah users in Yemen. Oral Oncol. 2007 Jan. 43(1):42-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Martin GC, Brown JP, Eifler CW, Houston GD. Oral leukoplakia status six weeks after cessation of smokeless tobacco use. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Jul. 130(7):945-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sand L, Wallström M, Hirsch JM. Smokeless tobacco, viruses and oral cancer. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2014 Jun. 13(2):372-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nilsson R. The molecular basis for induction of human cancers by tobacco specific nitrosamines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Jul. 60(2):268-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rostron BL, Chang CM, van Bemmel DM, Xia Y, Blount BC. Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure among U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from 1999 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Dec. 24 (12):1829-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yildiz D, Liu YS, Ercal N, Armstrong DW. Comparison of pure nicotine- and smokeless tobacco extract-induced toxicities and oxidative stress. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1999 Nov. 37(4):434-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tilashalski K, Rodu B, Mayfield C. Assessing the nicotine content of smokeless tobacco products. J Am Dent Assoc. 1994 May. 125(5):590-2, 594. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cogliano V, Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F. Smokeless tobacco and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Lancet Oncol. 2004 Dec. 5(12):708. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gray N, Hecht SS. Smokeless tobacco--proposals for regulation. Lancet. 2010 May 8. 375(9726):1589-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mehari A, Hines C, Gillum RF. Smokeless tobacco use and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in men in a national survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Feb 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Javed F, Tenenbaum HC, Nogueira-Filho G, et al. Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers. Int Wound J. 2012 Aug 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Smokeless tobacco report for the year 2006. Federal Trade Commission. 2009.
Christen AG, Armstrong WR, McDaniel RK. Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown, and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979 Apr. 98(4):584-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Greer RO, Poulson TC, Boone ME, Lindenmuth JE, Crosby L. Smokeless tobacco-associated oral changes in juvenile, adult and geriatric patients: clinical and histomorphologic features. Gerodontics. 1986 Jun. 2(3):87-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tomar SL, Alpert HR, Connolly GN. Patterns of dual use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among US males: findings from national surveys. Tob Control. 2010 Apr. 19(2):104-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Agaku IT, King BA, Husten CG, Bunnell R, et al. Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2012-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Jun 27. 63(25):542-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McClave AK, Whitney N, Thorne SL, Mariolis P, Dube SR, Engstrom M. Adult tobacco survey - 19 States, 2003-2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010 Apr 16. 59(3):1-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McClellan SF, Olde BA, Freeman DH, Mann WF, Rotruck JR. Smokeless tobacco use among military flight personnel: a survey of 543 aviators. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2010 Jun. 81(6):575-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
American Cancer Society. What are the key statistics about oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers?. Cancer.org. Available at http://www.cancer.org/cancer/oralcavityandoropharyngealcancer/detailedguide/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer-key-statistics. January 27, 2016; Accessed: March 26, 2016.
World Health OrganizationGlobal. facts on tobacco or oral health. Available at http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/fact_sheet_tobacco/en/index1.html. Accessed: 2005.
Global Data on Incidence of Oral Cancer. World Health Organization - Oral Health. Available at http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/cancer_maps/en/. Accessed: June 28, 2010.
Siddiqi K, Shah S, Abbas SM, Vidyasagaran A, Jawad M, Dogar O, et al. Global burden of disease due to smokeless tobacco consumption in adults: analysis of data from 113 countries. BMC Med. 2015 Aug 17. 13:194. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Oral Cancer Incidence (New Cases) by Age, Race, and Gender. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. March 20, 2010. Available at http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/DataStatistics/FindDataByTopic/OralCancer/OralCancerIncidence.htm.
Bolinder G, Alfredsson L, Englund A, de Faire U. Smokeless tobacco use and increased cardiovascular mortality among Swedish construction workers. Am J Public Health. 1994 Mar. 84(3):399-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Carrard VC, van der Waal I. A clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia; A guide for dentists. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018 Jan 1. 23 (1):e59-e64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Ebbert JO, Edmonds A, Luo X, Jensen J, Hatsukami DK. Smokeless tobacco reduction with the nicotine lozenge and behavioral intervention. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010 Aug. 12(8):823-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
National Spit Tabacco Education Program. Available at http://www.nstep.org. Accessed: June 20, 2002.
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Knock Tobacco out of the Park. Tobacco Free Baseball.org. Available at http://tobaccofreebaseball.org/content/. Accessed: March 26, 2016.
Ebbert JO, Montori V, Vickers KS, Erwin PC, Dale LC, Stead LF. Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17. CD004306. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
American Cancer Society. What are the risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers?. Cancer.org. Available at http://www.cancer.org/cancer/oralcavityandoropharyngealcancer/detailedguide/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer-risk-factors. January 27, 2016; Accessed: March 26, 2016.
Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline 2008. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/tobacco/index.html. 2008; Accessed: March 26, 2016.
Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Hays JT, Hurt RD. Treatment of nicotine dependence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Dec. 75(12):1311-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ebbert JO, Fagerstrom K. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use. CNS Drugs. 2012 Jan 1. 26 (1):1-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].