Thrombophlebitis Differential Diagnoses

1. Saultz A, Mathews EL, Saultz JW, Judkins D. Clinical inquiries. Does hypercoagulopathy testing benefit patients with DVT?. J Fam Pract. 2010 May. 59(5):291-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Buchanan GS, Rodgers GM, Branch DW. The inherited thrombophilias: genetics, epidemiology, and laboratory evaluation. Best Pract Res Clin Obst Gynecol. 2003. 138:128-34.

3. Franchini M, Veneri D, Salvagno GL, Manzato F, Lippi G. Inherited thrombophilia. Clin Lab Sci. 2006. 43:249-90.

4. Whitlatch NL, Ortel TL. Thrombophilias: when should we test and how does it help. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008. 29:25-39.

5. Thomas JH. Edgar J Poth lecture. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombosis. Am J Surg. 1990 Dec. 160(6):547-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Nicolaides AN, Renney JT, Clarke MB. Deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Is there a "high risk" group?. Am J Surg. 1970 Oct. 120(4):527-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Samlaska CP, James WD. Superficial thrombophlebitis. II. Secondary hypercoagulable states. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Jul. 23(1):1-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Schafer AI. The hypercoagulable states. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Jun. 102(6):814-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Chengelis DL, Bendick PJ, Glover JL, Brown OW, Ranval TJ. Progression of superficial venous thrombosis to deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1996 Nov. 24(5):745-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Samama MM, Trossaert M, Horellou MH, Elalamy I, Conard J, Deschamps A. Risk of thrombosis in patients for factor V Leiden. Blood. 86. 1995:4700-4702.

11. Rick ME. Protein C and protein S. Vitamin K-dependent inhibitors of blood coagulation. JAMA. 1990 Feb 2. 263(5):701-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Bauer KA. Pathobiology of the hypercoagulable state: clinical features, laboratory evaluation, and management. Hoffman R, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1991.

13. Friedman T, O'Brien Coon D, Michaels V J, Bontempo F, Young VL, Clavijo JA, et al. Hereditary coagulopathies: practical diagnosis and management for the plastic surgeon. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 May. 125(5):1544-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Collen D, Schetz J, de Cock F, Holmer E, Verstraete M. Metabolism of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor) in man: effects of venous thrombosis and of heparin administration. Eur J Clin Invest. 1977 Feb. 7(1):27-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Odegård OR, Abildgaard U. Antithrombin III: critical review of assay methods. Significance of variations in health and disease. Haemostasis. 1978. 7(2-3):127-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Rosendaal FR. Risk factors for venous thrombotic disease. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Aug. 82(2):610-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Miletich J, Sherman L, Broze G Jr. Absence of thrombosis in subjects with heterozygous protein C deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1987 Oct 15. 317(16):991-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Engesser L, Broekmans AW, Briët E, Brommer EJ, Bertina RM. Hereditary protein S deficiency: clinical manifestations. Ann Intern Med. 1987 May. 106(5):677-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Svensson PJ, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1994 Feb 24. 330(8):517-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Peus D, Heit JA, Pittelkow MR. Activated protein C resistance caused by factor V gene mutation: common coagulation defect in chronic venous leg ulcers?. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997 Apr. 36(4):616-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Nichols WL, Heit JA. Activated protein C resistance and thrombosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Sep. 71(9):897-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Towne JB. Hypercoagulable states and unexplained vascular graft thrombosis. Bernhard VM, Towne JB, eds. Complications in Vascular Surgery. St. Louis, Mo: Quality Medical Publishing; 1991.

23. Espinoza LR, Hartmann RC. Significance of the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Hematol. 1986 Jul. 22(3):331-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Tabachnik-Schor NF, Lipton SA. Association of lupuslike anticoagulant and nonvasculitic cerebral infarction. Arch Neurol. 1986 Aug. 43(8):851-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Shi W, Krilis SA, Chong BH, Gordon S, Chesterman CN. Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a healthy population. Aust N Z J Med. 1990 Jun. 20(3):231-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Mueh JR, Herbst KD, Rapaport SI. Thrombosis in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Feb. 92(2 Pt 1):156-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Elias M, Eldor A. Thromboembolism in patients with the 'lupus'-type circulating anticoagulant. Arch Intern Med. 1984 Mar. 144(3):510-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Kaplan NM. Cardiovascular complications of oral contraceptives. Annu Rev Med. 1978. 29:31-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Durand JL, Bressler R. Clinical pharmacology of the steroidal oral contraceptives. Adv Intern Med. 1979. 24:97-126. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Stolley PD, Tonascia JA, Tockman MS, Sartwell PE, Rutledge AH, Jacobs MP. Thrombosis with low-estrogen oral contraceptives. Am J Epidemiol. 1975 Sep. 102(3):197-208. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. DeSancho MT, Dorff T, Rand JH. Thrombophilia and the risk of thromboembolic events in women on oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2010 Sep. 21(6):534-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Vessey M, Mant D, Smith A, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: findings in a large prospective study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Feb 22. 292(6519):526. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Helmrich SP, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Strom B, Shapiro S. Venous thromboembolism in relation to oral contraceptive use. Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Jan. 69(1):91-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Robinson GE, Burren T, Mackie IJ, Bounds W, Walshe K, Faint R, et al. Changes in haemostasis after stopping the combined contraceptive pill: implications for major surgery. BMJ. 1991 Feb 2. 302(6771):269-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Seigel DG. Pregnancy, the puerperium and the steroid contraceptive. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1972 Jan. 50(1):Suppl 2:15-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease, surgically confirmed gallbladder disease, and breast tumours. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme. Lancet. 1973 Jun 23. 1(7817):1399-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Quinn DA, Thompson BT, Terrin ML, Thrall JH, Athanasoulis CA, McKusick KA, et al. A prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism in women and men. JAMA. 1992 Oct 7. 268(13):1689-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Mashchak CA, Lobo RA, Dozono-Takano R, Eggena P, Nakamura RM, Brenner PF, et al. Comparison of pharmacodynamic properties of various estrogen formulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Nov 1. 144(5):511-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Grady D, Hulley SB, Furberg C. Venous thromboembolic events associated with hormone replacement therapy. JAMA. 1997 Aug 13. 278(6):477. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Stadel BV. Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1981 Sep 10. 305(11):612-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Alkjaersig N, Fletcher A, Burstein R. Association between oral contraceptive use and thromboembolism: a new approach to itsinvestigation based on plasma fibrinogen chromatography. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975 May. 122(2):199-211. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Siegbahn A, Ruusuvaara L. Age dependence of blood fibrinolytic components and the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on coagulation and fibrinolysis in teenagers. Thromb Haemost. 1988 Dec 22. 60(3):361-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Srinivasan S, Solash J, Redner A, Moser C, Farhangian D, Lucas TR, et al. The alteration of surface charge characteristics of the vascular system by oral contraceptive steroids. Contraception. 1974 Mar. 9(3):291-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Oski FA, Lubin B, Buchert ED. Reduced red cell filterability with oral contraceptive agents. Ann Intern Med. 1972 Sep. 77(3):417-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Aronson HB, Magora F, Schenker JG. Effect of oral contraceptives on blood viscosity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971 Aug 1. 110(7):997-1001. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Dreyer NA, Pizzo SV. Blood coagulation and idiopathic thromboembolism among fertile women. Contraception. 1980 Aug. 22(2):123-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Sagar S, Stamatakis JD, Thomas DP, Kakkar VV. Oral contraceptives, antithrombin- III activity, and postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1976 Mar 6. 1(7958):509-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. von Kaulla E, von Kaulla KN. Oral contraceptives and low antithrombin-3 activity. Lancet. 1970 Jan 3. 1(7636):36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Pizzo SV. Venous thrombosis. Koepke JA, ed. Laboratory Hematology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1984. Vol 2:

50. Miller KE, Pizzo SV. Venous and arterial thromboembolic disease in women using oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Dec 1. 144(7):824-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Astedt B, Isacson S, Nilsson IM, Pandolfi M. Thrombosis and oral contraceptives: possible predisposition. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 15. 4(5893):631-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Judd HL, Meldrum DR, Deftos LJ, Henderson BE. Estrogen replacement therapy: indications and complications. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Feb. 98(2):195-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Goodrich SM, Wood JE. The effect of estradiol-17-beta on peripheral venous distensibility and velocity of venous blood flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966 Oct 1. 96(3):407-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Alkjaersig N, Fletcher AP, de Ziegler D, Steingold KA, Meldrum DR, Judd HL. Blood coagulation in postmenopausal women given estrogen treatment: comparison of transdermal and oral administration. J Lab Clin Med. 1988 Feb. 111(2):224-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Lipton A, Harvey HA, Hamilton RW. Venous thrombosis as a side effect of tamoxifen treatment. Cancer Treat Rep. 1984 Jun. 68(6):887-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Fisher B, Costantino J, Redmond C, Poisson R, Bowman D, Couture J, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen-receptor-positive tumors. N Engl J Med. 1989 Feb 23. 320(8):479-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Jordan VC, Fritz NF, Tormey DC. Long-term adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen: effects on sex hormone binding globulin and antithrombin III. Cancer Res. 1987 Aug 15. 47(16):4517-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Love RR, Surawicz TS, Williams EC. Antithrombin III level, fibrinogen level, and platelet count changes with adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Feb. 152(2):317-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Auger MJ, Mackie MJ. Effects of tamoxifen on blood coagulation. Cancer. 1988 Apr 1. 61(7):1316-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Bertelli G, Pronzato P, Amoroso D, Cusimano MP, Conte PF, Montagna G, et al. Adjuvant tamoxifen in primary breast cancer: influence on plasma lipids and antithrombin III levels. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1988 Dec. 12(3):307-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Weitz IC, Israel VK, Liebman HA. Tamoxifen-associated venous thrombosis and activated protein C resistance due to factor V Leiden. Cancer. 1997 May 15. 79(10):2024-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Bonnar J. Hemostatic function and coagulopathy during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Annu. 1978. 7:195-217. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Bonnar J, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. Fibrinolytic enzyme system and pregnancy. Br Med J. 1969 Aug 16. 3(5667):387-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Comp PC, Thurnau GR, Welsh J, Esmon CT. Functional and immunologic protein S levels are decreased during pregnancy. Blood. 1986 Oct. 68(4):881-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Aaro LA, Johnson TR, Juergens JL. Acute deep venous thrombosis associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1966 Oct. 28(4):553-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Pomp ER, Lenselink AM, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJM. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and postthrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008. 6:632-637.

67. McColl MD, Ramsay JE, Tait RC, Walker ID, McCall F, Conkie JA. Risk factors for pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Oct. 78(4):1183-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Beller FK. Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy. Anderson A, ed. Thromboembolic Disorders. New York, NY: Harper & Row; 1968.

69. Homans J. Thrombosis of the deep leg veins due to prolonged sitting. N Engl J Med. 1954 Jan 28. 250(4):148-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Lord RS, McGrath M. Travelers venous thrombosis. 1993.

71. Cushman M. Epidemiology and risk factors for venous thrombosis. Semin Hematol. 2007 Apr. 44(2):62-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Lord RS. Air travel-related deep venous thrombosis. Sydney views. Cardiovasc Surg. 2001 Apr. 9(2):149-50; discussion 153-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Parsi KA, McGrath MA, Lord RS. Traveller's venous thromboembolism. Cardiovasc Surg. 2001 Apr. 9(2):157-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. McQuillan AD, Eikelboom JW, Baker RI. Venous thromboembolism in travellers: can we identify those at risk?. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003 Oct. 14(7):671-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Varki A. Trousseau’s syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms. Blood. 2007. 110:1723-1729.

76. Kanaan AO, Silva MA, Donovan JL, Roy T, Al-Homsi AS. Meta-analysis of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medically Ill patients. Clin Ther. 2007 Nov. 29(11):2395-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med. 1994 Dec 15. 331(24):1601-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Perry SL, Ortel TL. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of thrombophilia. Clin Chest Med. 2003 Mar. 24(1):153-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Kowalewski R, Sobolewski K, Wolanska M, Gacko M. Matrix metalloproteinases in the vein wall. Int Angiol. 2004 Jun. 23(2):164-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Kagel EM, Rayan GM. Intravenous catheter complications in the hand and forearm. J Trauma. 2004 Jan. 56(1):123-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Gupta A, Mehta Y, Juneja R, Trehan N. The effect of cannula material on the incidence of peripheral venous thrombophlebitis. Anaesthesia. 2007 Nov. 62(11):1139-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Siddoway LA. Amiodarone: guidelines for use and monitoring. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Dec 1. 68(11):2189-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Hochmair M, Valipour A, Oschatz E, Hollaus P, Huber M, Chris Burghuber O. From a sore throat to the intensive care unit: the Lemierre syndrome. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2006 May. 118(7-8):243-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Brinsuk M, Tank J, Luft FC, Busjahn A, Jordan J. Heritability of venous function in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Jan. 24(1):207-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Tröbinger C, Wiedermann CJ. Bodybuilding-induced Mondor's disease of the chest wall. Phys Ther Sport. 2017 Jan. 23:133-135. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Amano M, Shimizu T. Mondor's Disease: A Review of the Literature. Intern Med. 2018 May 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Djebara S, Henckaerts L, Vanbrabant P. Bilateral Mondor's disease in chikungunya virus infection. Oxf Med Case Reports. 2020 Aug. 2020 (8):omaa065. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Marone EM, Bonalumi G, Curci R, Arzini A, Chierico S, Marazzi G, et al. Characteristics of Venous Thromboembolism in COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Experience from Northern Italy. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020 Jul 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Errichi BM, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the legs: a randomized, controlled, follow-up study. Angiology. 1999 Jul. 50(7):523-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Agnelli G, Verso M, Ageno W, Imberti D, Moia M, Palareti G, et al. The MASTER registry on venous thromboembolism: description of the study cohort. Thromb Research. 2008. 121:605-610.

91. Galanaud JP, Sevestre MA, Pernod G, Kahn SR, Genty C, Terrisse H, et al. Long-term risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence after isolated superficial vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2017 Jun. 15 (6):1123-1131. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. De Stefano V, Rossi E, Paciaroni K, Leone G. Screening for inherited thrombophilia: indications and therapeutic implications. Trends Hematol Oncol. 2002. 87:1095-1108.

93. Crandon AJ, Peel KR, Anderson JA, Thompson V, McNicol GP. Postoperative deep vein thrombosis: identifying high-risk patients. Br Med J. 1980 Aug 2. 281(6236):343-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Sue-Ling HM, Johnston D, McMahon MJ, Philips PR, Davies JA. Pre-operative identification of patients at high risk of deep venous thrombosis after elective major abdominal surgery. Lancet. 1986 May 24. 1(8491):1173-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Coon WW. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Ann Surg. 1977 Aug. 186(2):149-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Schina MJ Jr, Neumyer MM, Healy DA, Atnip RG, Thiele BL. Influence of age on venous physiologic parameters. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Nov. 18(5):749-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Errichi BM, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the legs: a randomized, controlled, follow-up study. Angiology. 1999 Jul. 50(7):523-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Ascer E, Lorensen E, Pollina RM, Gennaro M. Preliminary results of a nonoperative approach to saphenofemoral junction thrombophlebitis. J Vasc Surg. 1995 Nov. 22(5):616-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Campbell B. Varicose veins and their management. BMJ. 2006 Aug 5. 333(7562):287-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Plate G, Eklöf B, Jensen R, Ohlin P. Deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and acute surgery in thrombophlebitis of the long saphenous vein. Acta Chir Scand. 1985. 151(3):241-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Gjores JE. Surgical therapy of ascending thrombophlebitis in the saphenous system. Angiology. 1962 May. 13:241-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Bergqvist D, Lindblad B. A 30-year survey of pulmonary embolism verified at autopsy: an analysis of 1274 surgical patients. Br J Surg. 1985 Feb. 72(2):105-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Bergqvist D, Jaroszewski H. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Mar 8. 292(6521):658-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Galloway JM, Karmody AM, Mavor GE. Thrombophlebitis of the long saphenous vein complicated by pulmonary embolism. Br J Surg. 1969 May. 56(5):360-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Leon L, Giannoukas AD, Dodd D, Chan P, Labropoulos N. Clinical significance of superficial vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 Jan. 29(1):10-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S. Treatment of lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis. JAMA. 2014 Feb 19. 311(7):729-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Roach RE, Lijfering WM, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC. The risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with a history of superficial vein thrombosis and acquired venous thrombotic risk factors. Blood. 2013 Dec 19. 122(26):4264-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Schönauer V, Kyrle PA, Weltermann A, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, Hirschl M, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis and risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Apr. 37(4):834-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Bendick PJ, Ryan R, Alpers M, et al. Clinical significance of superficial thrombophlebitis. J Vasc Technol. 1995. 19:57-61.

110. Verlato F, Zucchetta P, Prandoni P, Camporese G, Marzola MC, Salmistraro G, et al. An unexpectedly high rate of pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the thigh. J Vasc Surg. 1999 Dec. 30(6):1113-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Krunes U, Lindner F, Lindner R, Gnutzmann J. Genugt die klinische untersuchung einer varikophlebitis des unterschenkels?. Phlebologie. 1999. 28:93-6.

112. Trujillo-Santos J, Herrera S, Rpage MA, Soto MJ, Raventós A, Sánchez R, et al. Predicting adverse outcome in outpatients with acute deep vein thrombosis: findings from the RIETE Registry. J Vasc Surg. 2006. 44:789-793.

113. Torpy JM, Burke AE, Glass RM. JAMA patient page. Thrombophlebitis. JAMA. 2006 Jul 26. 296(4):468. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Greenleaf JE, Rehrer NJ, Mohler SR, Quach DT, Evans DG. Airline chair-rest deconditioning: induction of immobilisation thromboemboli?. Sports Med. 2004. 34(11):705-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Lee C, Moll S. Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis in a cannabis smoker. Circulation. 2014 Jul 8. 130(2):214-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Nachmann MM, Jaffe JS, Ginsberg PC, Horrow MM, Harkaway RC. Sickle cell episode manifesting as superficial thrombophlebitis of the penis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2003 Feb. 103(2):102-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Hutachuda P, Hanamornroongruang S, Pattanaprichakul P, Chanyachailert P, Sitthinamsuwan P. Interobserver reliability of histopathological features for distinguishing between cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and superficial thrombophlebitis. Histopathology. 2018 Apr 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. [Guideline] Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb. 141(2 Suppl):e419S-94S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

119. Di Nisio M,Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007. 2:1-90.

120. Downing LJ, Strieter RM, Kadell AM, Wilke CA, Greenfield LJ, Wakefield TW. Low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin is anti-inflammatory during venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1998 Nov. 28(5):848-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Marchiori A, Verlato F, Sabbion P, Camporese G, Rosso F, Mosena L, et al. High versus low doses of unfractionated heparin for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. A prospective, controlled, randomized study. Haematologica. 2002 May. 87(5):523-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Rathbun SW, Aston CE, Whitsett TL. A randomized trial of dalteparin compared with ibuprofen for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 May. 10(5):833-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

123. Bachmeyer C, Elalamy I. Rivaroxaban as an effective treatment for recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis related to primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014 Oct. 39(7):840-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

124. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30. 4:CD004982. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

125. Sacher R. Antithrombin deficiency in special clinical syndromes--Part II: panel discussion #2. Semin Hematol. 1995 Oct. 32(4 Suppl 2):67-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

126. Chengelis DL, Bendick PJ, Glover JL, Brown OW, Ranval TJ. Progression of superficial venous thrombosis to deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1996 Nov. 24(5):745-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

127. Sigg K. The treatment of varicosities and accompanying complications; (the ambulatory treatment of phlebitis with compression bandage). Angiology. 1952 Oct. 3(5):355-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

128. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Rohdewald P, Ricci A, Ippolito E, Dugall M, et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with pycnogenol. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2004 Oct. 10(4):373-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

129. De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Incandela L, Belcaro G, Griffin M. Treatment of superficial vein thrombophlebitis of the arm with Essaven gel--a placebo-controlled, randomized study. Angiology. 2001 Dec. 52 Suppl 3:S63-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

130. Beatty J, Fitridge R, Benveniste G, Greenstein D. Acute superficial venous thrombophlebitis: does emergency surgery have a role?. Int Angiol. 2002 Mar. 21(1):93-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Padma Chitnavis, MD Resident Physician, Department of Dermatology, Howard University Hospital and Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary Piazza Maiberger, MD Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine; Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Chief of Dermatology and Residency Program Site Director, Washington DC VA Medical Center

Mary Piazza Maiberger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Washington DC Dermatological Society, Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD Dermatologic/Mohs Surgeon, The Surgery Center at Plano Dermatology

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Julia R Nunley, MD Professor, Department of Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center

Julia R Nunley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, Medical Dermatology Society, Medical Society of Virginia, National Kidney Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa, Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: American Board of Dermatology<br/>Author for: Up-to-date.

Dirk M Elston, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Zoltan Trizna, MD, PhD Private Practice

Zoltan Trizna, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mitchel P Goldman, MD Voluntary Clinical Professor of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, Medical Center; Dermatologist, West Dermatology and Cosmetic Laser Dermatology

Mitchel P Goldman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Aerospace Medical Association, American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Phlebology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Society of Lipo-Suction Surgery, California Medical Association, Dermatology Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa, San Diego County Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carrie L Kovarik, MD Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Carrie L Kovarik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Melanie D Palm, MD, MBA, FAAD Director, Art of Skin MD; Assistant Volunteer Clinical Professor, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine; Affiliate Physician, Scripps Encinitas Memorial Hospital

Melanie D Palm, MD, MBA, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article