Necrobiosis Lipoidica Questions & Answers

1. Lim C, Tschuchnigg M, Lim J. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in an area of long-standing necrobiosis lipoidica. J Cutan Pathol. 2006 Aug. 33(8):581-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Clement M, Guy R, Pembroke AC. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in long-standing necrobiosis lipoidica. Arch Dermatol. 1985 Jan. 121(1):24-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Lepe K, Riley CA, Salazar FJ. Necrobiosis Lipoidica. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Rollins TG, Winkelmann RK. Necrobiosis lipoidica granulomatosis. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in the nondiabetic. Arch Dermatol. 1960 Oct. 82:537-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Ullman S, Dahl MV. Necrobiosis lipoidica. An immunofluorescence study. Arch Dermatol. 1977 Dec. 113(12):1671-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Marr TJ, Traisman HS, Griffith BH, Schafer MA. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in a juvenile diabetic: treatment by excision and skin grafting. Cutis. 1977 Mar. 19(3):348-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Eldor A, Diaz EG, Naparstek E. Treatment of diabetic necrobiosis with aspirin and dipyridamole. N Engl J Med. 1978 May 4. 298(18):1033. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Hammer E, Lilienthal E, Hofer SE, et al. Risk factors for necrobiosis lipoidica in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2017 Jan. 34 (1):86-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Erfurt-Berge C, Dissemond J, Schwede K, et al. Updated results of 100 patients on clinical features and therapeutic options in necrobiosis lipoidica in a retrospective multicentre study. Eur J Dermatol. 2015 Nov-Dec. 25 (6):595-601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Jockenhofer F, Kroger K, Klode J, Renner R, Erfurt-Berge C, Dissemond J. Cofactors and comorbidities of necrobiosis lipoidica: analysis of the German DRG data from 2012. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016 Mar. 14 (3):277-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Hashemi DA, Brown-Joel ZO, Tkachenko E, et al. Clinical Features and Comorbidities of Patients With Necrobiosis Lipoidica With or Without Diabetes. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Apr 1. 155 (4):455-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Miller RA. The Koebner phenomenon. Int J Dermatol. 1982 May. 21(4):192-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Mistry N, Chih-Ho Hong H, Crawford RI. Pretibial angioplasia: a novel entity encompassing the clinical features of necrobiosis lipoidica and the histopathology of venous insufficiency. J Cutan Med Surg. 2011 Jan-Feb. 15(1):15-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Ramadan S, Hossam D, Saleh MA. Dermoscopy could be useful in differentiating sarcoidosis from necrobiotic granulomas even after treatment with systemic steroids. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2016 Jul 31. 6 (3):17-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Erfurt-Berge C, Heusinger V, Reinboldt-Jockenhofer F, Dissemond J, Renner R. Comorbidity and Therapeutic Approaches in Patients with Necrobiosis Lipoidica. Dermatology. 2022. 238 (1):148-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Clayton TH, Harrison PV. Successful treatment of chronic ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica with 0.1% topical tacrolimus ointment. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Mar. 152(3):581-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Stanway A, Rademaker M, Newman P. Healing of severe ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica with cyclosporin. Australas J Dermatol. 2004 May. 45(2):119-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Ginocchio L, Draghi L, Darvishian F, Ross FL. Refractory Ulcerated Necrobiosis Lipoidica: Closure of a Difficult Wound with Topical Tacrolimus. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2017 Oct. 30 (10):469-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Spenceri EA, Nahass GT. Topically applied bovine collagen in the treatment of ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Arch Dermatol. 1997 Jul. 133(7):817-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. De Rie MA, Sommer A, Hoekzema R, Neumann HA. Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Oct. 147(4):743-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Beattie PE, Dawe RS, Ibbotson SH, Ferguson J. UVA1 phototherapy for treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006 Mar. 31(2):235-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Heidenheim M, Jemec GB. Successful treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with photodynamic therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Dec. 142(12):1548-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Rhodes EL. Necrobiosis lipoidica treated with ticlopidine. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986. 66(5):458. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Handfield-Jones S, Jones S, Peachey R. High dose nicotinamide in the treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica. Br J Dermatol. 1988 May. 118(5):693-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Mensing H. [Clofazimine--therapeutic alternative in necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma anulare]. Hautarzt. 1989 Feb. 40(2):99-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Benedix F, Geyer A, Lichte V, Metzler G, Rocken M, Strölin A. Response of ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica to clofazimine. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009 Nov. 89(6):651-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Jetton RL, Lazarus GS. Minidose heparin therapy for vasculitis of atrophie blanche. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 Jan. 8(1):23-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Heymann WR. Necrobiosis lipoidica treated with topical tretinoin. Cutis. 1996 Jul. 58(1):53-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Durupt F, Dalle S, Debarbieux S, Balme B, Ronger S, Thomas L. Successful treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with antimalarial agents. Arch Dermatol. 2008 Jan. 144(1):118-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Moreno-Arias GA, Camps-Fresneda A. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum treated with the pulsed dye laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2001 Sep. 3(3):143-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Littler CM, Tschen EH. Pentoxifylline for necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987 Aug. 17(2 Pt 1):314-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Boyd AS. Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with pioglitazone. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Nov. 57(5 Suppl):S120-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 9. 351(11):1106-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Ellis CN, Varani J, Fischer GJ, Zeigler ME, Pershadsingh HA, Benson SC, et al. Troglitazone improves psorasis and normalizes models of proliferative skin disease:ligand for perioxisome proliferators-activated receptor - gamma inhibit keratinocyte proliferation. Arch Dermatol. May/2000. 136:609-616.

35. Zeichner JA, Stern DW, Lebwohl M. Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Mar. 54(3 Suppl 2):S120-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Zhang KS, Quan LT, Hsu S. Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with etanercept and adalimumab. Dermatol Online J. 2009 Dec 15. 15(12):12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Kolde G, Muche JM, Schulze P, Fischer P, Lichey J. Infliximab: a promising new treatment option for ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica. Dermatology. 2003. 206(2):180-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kukreja T, Petersen J. Thalidomide for the treatment of refractory necrobiosis lipoidica. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Jan. 142(1):20-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Barouti N, Cao AQ, Ferrara D, Prins C. Successful treatment of ulcerative and diabeticorum necrobiosis lipoidica with intravenous immunoglobulin in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency. JAMA Dermatol. 2013 Jul. 149(7):879-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Bonura C, Frontino G, Rigamonti A, Battaglino R, Favalli V, Ferro G. Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum: A pediatric case report. Dermatoendocrinol. 2014 Jan 1. 6(1):e27790. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Grillo E, Rodriguez-Munoz D, Gonzalez-Garcia A, Jaen P. Necrobiosis Lipodica. Dermatology, Australian Family Physician. 2014. 43(3):129-30.

42. Lee SY, Shen L, Keimig EL. A solitary red patch. JAMA. 2014 Jun 11. 311(22):2328-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Lesiak A. Impairment of Angiogenesis in Patients with Granuloma Annulare and Necrobiosis Lipoidica. J Am Acad Dermatol. November 2013. 69(5):783-91.

44. Lozanova P, Dourmishev L, Vassileva S, Miteva L, Balabanova M. Perforating disseminated necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2013. 2013:370361. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Reid SD, Ladizinski B, Lee K, Baibergenova A, Alavi A. Update on necrobiosis lipoidica: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Nov. 69(5):783-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Tauveron V, Rosen A, Khashoggi M, Abdallah-Lotf M, Machet L. Long-term successful healing of ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica after topical therapy with becaplermin. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013 Oct. 38(7):745-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Wood A, Hamilton SA, Wallace WA, Biswas A. Necrobiotic granulomatous tattoo reaction: report of an unusual case showing features of both necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare patterns. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014 Aug. 36(8):e152-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Cheryl J Barnes, MD Dermatologist, McIntosh Clinic, PC

Cheryl J Barnes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Loretta S Davis, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University

Loretta S Davis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David F Butler, MD Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Dermatology, Director, Dermatology Residency Training Program, Scott and White Clinic, Northside Clinic

David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward F Chan, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Edward F Chan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington at Seattle; Chief, Dermatology Section, Primary and Specialty Care Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center of Seattle

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article