Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum Questions & Answers

1. Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Erythema toxicum neonatorum. Cutis. 1996 Aug. 58(2):153-5. [Medline].

2. Marchini G, Hultenby K, Nelson A, et al. Increased expression of HMGB-1 in the skin lesions of erythema toxicum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007 Sep-Oct. 24(5):474-82. [Medline].

3. Marchini G, Lindow S, Brismar H, et al. The newborn infant is protected by an innate antimicrobial barrier: peptide antibiotics are present in the skin and vernix caseosa. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Dec. 147(6):1127-34. [Medline].

4. Marchini G, Stabi B, Kankes K, Lonne-Rahm S, Ostergaard M, Nielsen S. AQP1 and AQP3, psoriasin, and nitric oxide synthases 1-3 are inflammatory mediators in erythema toxicum neonatorum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2003 Sep-Oct. 20(5):377-84. [Medline].

5. Nelson A, Ulfgren AK, Edner J, Stabi B, Brismar H, Hultenby K. Urticaria Neonatorum: accumulation of tryptase-expressing mast cells in the skin lesions of newborns with Erythema Toxicum. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007 Dec. 18(8):652-8. [Medline].

6. Carr JA, Hodgman JE, Freedman RI, Levan NE. Relationship between toxic erythema and infant maturity. Am J Dis Child. 1966 Aug. 112(2):129-34. [Medline].

7. Marchini G, Nelson A, Edner J, Lonne-Rahm S, Stavreus-Evers A, Hultenby K. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is an innate immune response to commensal microbes penetrated into the skin of the newborn infant. Pediatr Res. 2005 Sep. 58(3):613-6. [Medline].

8. Keitel HG, Yadav V. Etiology of toxic erythema. Erythema toxicum neonatorum. Am J Dis Child. 1963 Sep. 106:306-9. [Medline].

9. Bassukas ID. Is erythema toxicum neonatorum a mild self-limited acute cutaneous graft-versus-host-reaction from maternal-to-fetal lymphocyte transfer?. Med Hypotheses. 1992 Aug. 38(4):334-8. [Medline].

10. Droitcourt C, Khosrotehran K, Halaby E, Aractingi S. Maternal cells are not responsible [corrected] for erythema toxicum neonatorum [corrected]. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008 May-Jun. 25(3):411-3. [Medline].

11. Liu C, Feng J, Qu R, et al. Epidemiologic study of the predisposing factors in erythema toxicum neonatorum. Dermatology. 2005. 210(4):269-72. [Medline].

12. Monteagudo B, Labandeira J, Cabanillas M, Acevedo A, Toribio J. Prospective study of erythema toxicum neonatorum: epidemiology and predisposing factors. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 Mar-Apr. 29(2):166-8. [Medline].

13. Kanada KN, Merin MR, Munden A, Friedlander SF. A prospective study of cutaneous findings in newborns in the United States: correlation with race, ethnicity, and gestational status using updated classification and nomenclature. J Pediatr. 2012 Aug. 161(2):240-5. [Medline].

14. Jacobs AH, Walton RG. The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. Pediatrics. 1976 Aug. 58(2):218-22. [Medline].

15. Reginatto FP, Muller FM, Peruzzo J, Cestari TF. Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors for Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum and Transient Neonatal Pustular: A Multicenter Study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017 Jul. 34 (4):422-426. [Medline].

16. Levy HL, Cothran F. Erythema toxicum neonatorum present at birth. Am J Dis Child. 1962 Apr. 103:617-9. [Medline].

17. Marino LJ. Toxic erythema present at birth. Arch Dermatol. 1965 Oct. 92(4):402-3. [Medline].

18. Akoglu G, Ersoy Evans S, Akca T, Sahin S. An unusual presentation of erythema toxicum neonatorum: delayed onset in a preterm infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 May-Jun. 23(3):301-2. [Medline].

19. Chang MW, Jiang SB, Orlow SJ. Atypical erythema toxicum neonatorum of delayed onset in a term infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 Mar-Apr. 16(2):137-41. [Medline].

20. Singh M, Arora NK, Sroa HS. Urticaria neonatorum--an earliest marker of atopy. Indian J Med Res. 1980 Feb. 71:273-7. [Medline].

21. Monteagudo B, Labandeira J, Cabanillas M, Acevedo A, Toribio J. Prospective Study of Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum: Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011 Nov 8. [Medline].

22. Maffei FA, Michaels MG, Wald ER. An unusual presentation of erythema toxicum scrotal pustules present at birth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Jun. 150(6):649-50. [Medline].

23. Daniels C, Susi A, Min S, Nylund CM. Early Infant Risk Factors for Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Aug 8. [Medline].

24. Ferrandiz C, Coroleu W, Ribera M, Lorenzo JC, Natal A. Sterile transient neonatal pustulosis is a precocious form of erythema toxicum neonatorum. Dermatology. 1992. 185(1):18-22. [Medline].

25. Van Praag MC, Van Rooij RW, Folkers E, Spritzer R, Menke HE, Oranje AP. Diagnosis and treatment of pustular disorders in the neonate. Pediatr Dermatol. 1997 Mar-Apr. 14(2):131-43. [Medline].

26. Freeman RG, Spiller R, Knox JM. Histopathology of erythema toxicum neonatorum. Arch Dermatol. 1960 Oct. 82:586-9. [Medline].

27. Luders D. Histologic observations in erythema toxicum neonatorum. Pediatrics. 1960 Aug. 26:219-24. [Medline].

28. Marchini G, Ulfgren AK, Lore K, Stabi B, Berggren V, Lonne-Rahm S. Erythema toxicum neonatorum: an immunohistochemical analysis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001 May-Jun. 18(3):177-87. [Medline].

29. Roques E, Mendez MD. Erythema, Toxicum. StatPearls [Internet]. 2018 January. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, Fla. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Neil F Gibbs, MD Voluntary Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (Dermatology), University of California, San Diego School of Medicine; Residency Program Director, Pediatric Dermatologist, Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center, San Diego; Clinical Professor of Dermatology and Clinical Professor of Pediatrics (Secondary), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Neil F Gibbs, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Meghan E Seago, MD Staff Dermatologist, US Naval Hospital Guam

Meghan E Seago, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Massachusetts Medical Society, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD Dermatologic/Mohs Surgeon, The Surgery Center at Plano Dermatology

Michael J Wells, MD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Van Perry, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio

Van Perry, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD.

Eleanor E Sahn, MD Director, Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Associate Professor, Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina

Eleanor E Sahn, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Trisha C Beute, MD Staff Physician, Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth

Trisha C Beute, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert Huff, MD Dermatology, Inc

Robert Huff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eleanor E Sahn, MD Director, Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Associate Professor, Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina

Eleanor E Sahn, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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