Herpes Zoster Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1. 44 Suppl 1:S1-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Blein C, Gavazzi G, Paccalin M, Baptiste C, Berrut G, Vainchtock A. Burden of herpes zoster: the direct and comorbidity costs of herpes zoster events in hospitalized patients over 50 years in France. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 19. 15 (1):350. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Goh CL, Khoo L. A retrospective study of the clinical presentation and outcome of herpes zoster in a tertiary dermatology outpatient referral clinic. Int J Dermatol. 1997 Sep. 36(9):667-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Pasqualucci A, Pasqualucci V, Galla F, De Angelis V, et al. Prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia: acyclovir and prednisolone versus epidural local anesthetic and methylprednisolone. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000 Sep. 44(8):910-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Kost RG, Straus SE. Postherpetic neuralgia--pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jul 4. 335(1):32-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Zareba G. Pregabalin: a new agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Drugs Today (Barc). 2005 Aug. 41(8):509-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Irving G, Jensen M, Cramer M, Wu J, Chiang YK, Tark M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of gastric-retentive gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2009 Mar-Apr. 25(3):185-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Ongkosuwito JV, Feron EJ, van Doornik CE, Van der Lelij A, Hoyng CB, La Heij EC, et al. Analysis of immunoregulatory cytokines in ocular fluid samples from patients with uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Dec. 39(13):2659-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Kumano Y, Manabe J, Hamamoto M, Kawano Y, Minagawa H, Fukumaki Y, et al. Detection of varicella-zoster virus genome having a PstI site in the ocular sample from a patient with acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmic Res. 1995. 27(5):310-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Karlin JD. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: the virus strikes back. Ann Ophthalmol. 1993 Jun. 25(6):208-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Ptaszyńska-Sarosiek I, Dunaj J, Zajkowska A, Niemcunowicz-Janica A, Król M, Pancewicz S, et al. Post-mortem detection of six human herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6) in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia by PCR. PeerJ. 2019. 6:e6095. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Jemsek J, Greenberg SB, Taber L, Harvey D, Gershon A, Couch RB. Herpes zoster-associated encephalitis: clinicopathologic report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1983 Mar. 62(2):81-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Pevenstein SR, Williams RK, McChesney D, Mont EK, Smialek JE, Straus SE. Quantitation of latent varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus genomes in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol. 1999 Dec. 73(12):10514-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Pavan-Langston D. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Neurology. 1995 Dec. 45(12 Suppl 8):S50-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Sweeney CJ, Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Aug. 71(2):149-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Brooks JK, Rostami AM, McCorkle DC, Benesh SI. Trigeminal herpes zoster and Ramsay Hunt syndrome in an elderly adult: Presentation with prodromal toothache. Gerodontology. 2018 Sep. 35 (3):276-278. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Wung PK, Holbrook JT, Hoffman GS, Tibbs AK, Specks U, et al. Herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients: incidence, timing, and risk factors. Am J Med. 2005 Dec. 118(12):1416. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Norman J, Politz D. Shingles (varicella zoster) outbreaks in patients with hyperparathyroidism and their relationship to hypercalcemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 May 1. 46(9):1452-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Chronister CL. Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection. Optom Vis Sci. 1996 Apr. 73(4):225-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Foster RE, Petersen MR, Neuss MN, Osher RH. Progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome in a lymphoma patient with good visual outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul. 132(1):117-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Hodge WG, Seiff SR, Margolis TP. Ocular opportunistic infection incidences among patients who are HIV positive compared to patients who are HIV negative. Ophthalmology. 1998 May. 105(5):895-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Kezuka T. Immune deviation and ocular infections with varicella zoster virus. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004 Mar. 12(1):17-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Margolis TP, Milner MS, Shama A, Hodge W, Seiff S. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Mar. 125(3):285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Peck R, Gimple SK, Gregory DW, Youree B. Progressive outer retinal necrosis in a 73-year-old man: treatment with valganciclovir. AIDS. 2003 May 2. 17(7):1110-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Purdy KW, Heckenlively JR, Church JA, Keller MA. Progressive outer retinal necrosis caused by varicella-zoster virus in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr. 22(4):384-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rao NA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its ocular complications. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1994 Jun. 42(2):51-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Walton RC, Reed KL. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus following bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999 Jun. 23(12):1317-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Yau TH, Butrus SI. Presumed bilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an AIDS patient: a case report. Cornea. 1996 Nov. 15(6):633-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Bert RJ, Samawareerwa R, Melhem ER. CNS MR and CT findings associated with a clinical presentation of herpetic acute retinal necrosis and herpetic retrobulbar optic neuritis: five HIV-infected and one non-infected patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Nov-Dec. 25(10):1722-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Gariano RF, Berreen JP, Cooney EL. Progressive outer retinal necrosis and acute retinal necrosis in fellow eyes of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep. 132(3):421-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Neves RA, Rodriguez A, Power WJ, Muccioli C, Lane L, Belfort R Jr, et al. Herpes zoster peripheral ulcerative keratitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cornea. 1996 Sep. 15(5):446-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Fernandes NF, Malliah R, Stitik TP, Rozdeba P, Lambert WC, Schwartz RA. Herpes zoster following intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2009 Mar. 18(1):28-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Benz MS, Glaser JS, Davis JL. Progressive outer retinal necrosis in immunocompetent patients treated initially for optic neuropathy with systemic corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Apr. 135(4):551-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Strangfeld A, Listing J, Herzer P, Liebhaber A, Rockwitz K, Richter C, et al. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 2009 Feb 18. 301(7):737-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Sharma A, Makrandi S, Modi M, Sharma A, Marfatia Y. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 Nov-Dec. 74(6):619-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Reuters Health. Increased Risk of Herpes Zoster With IBD, Study Confirms. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776280. Accessed: February 21, 2013.

37. Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of herpes zoster among 108 604 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Feb. 37(4):420-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Nouri K, Ricotti CA Jr, Bouzari N, Chen H, Ahn E, Bach A. The incidence of recurrent herpes simplex and herpes zoster infection during treatment with arsenic trioxide. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006 Feb. 5(2):182-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Korber A, Franckson T, Grabbe S, Dissemond J. Ambilateral reactivation of herpes zoster V2 following cataract operation of both eyes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 May. 21(5):712-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Forbes HJ, Bhaskaran K, Thomas SL, Smeeth L, Clayton T, Langan SM. Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2014. 348:g2911. [Full Text].

41. Marin M, Meissner HC, Seward JF. Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges. Pediatrics. 2008 Sep. 122(3):e744-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Whitley RJ. Varicella-Zoster Virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2010:1963-69.

43. Gnann JW Jr, Whitley RJ. Clinical practice. Herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 1. 347(5):340-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Schmader K, George LK, Burchett BM, Pieper CF. Racial and psychosocial risk factors for herpes zoster in the elderly. J Infect Dis. 1998 Nov. 178 Suppl 1:S67-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Araújo LQ, Macintyre CR, Vujacich C. Epidemiology and burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in Australia, Asia and South America. Herpes. 2007 Sep. 14 Suppl 2:40-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Ultsch B, Köster I, Reinhold T, Siedler A, Krause G, Icks A, et al. Epidemiology and cost of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in Germany. Eur J Health Econ. 2012 Dec 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Nagasako EM, Johnson RW, Griffin DR, Elpern DJ, Dworkin RH. Geographic and racial aspects of herpes zoster. J Med Virol. 2003. 70 Suppl 1:S20-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Schmader K. Herpes zoster in older adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 May 15. 32(10):1481-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Insinga RP, Itzler RF, Pellissier JM, Saddier P, Nikas AA. The incidence of herpes zoster in a United States administrative database. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 Aug. 20(8):748-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Ertunç V, Dane S, Karakuzu A, Deniz O. Higher herpes zoster infection frequency in right-handed patients and more frequent appearance in the left body side of females. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997 May. 77(3):245. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Tseng HF, Smith N, Marcy SM, Sy LS, Chao CR, Jacobsen SJ. Risk factors of herpes zoster among children immunized with varicella vaccine: results from a nested case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Mar. 29(3):205-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Kim MC, Yun SC, Lee HB, Lee PH, Lee SW, Choi SH, et al. Herpes Zoster Increases the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 11. 70 (2):295-296. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Wendling P. Analysis Strengthens Herpes Zoster Link With Stroke, MI. Medscape News & Perspective. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/882769. July 11, 2017; Accessed: July 20, 2017.

54. Matthews I, Duong M, Parsons VL, Nozad B, Qizilbash N, Patel Y, et al. Burden of disease from shingles and post-herpetic neuralgia in the over 80 year olds in the UK. PLoS One. 2020. 15 (2):e0229224. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Coley KC, Gessler C, McGivney M, Richardson R, DeJames J, Berenbrok LA. Increasing adult vaccinations at a regional supermarket chain pharmacy: A multi-site demonstration project. Vaccine. 2020 Feb 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Makharita MY. Prevention of Post-herpetic Neuralgia from Dream to Reality: A Ten-step Model. Pain Physician. 2017 Feb. 20 (2):E209-E220. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Ono N, Sakabe A, Nakajima M. [Herpes zoster oticus-associated jugular foramen syndrome]. Brain Nerve. 2010 Jan. 62(1):81-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Edgerton G. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a review of the literature. Arch Ophthalmol. 1945;34:40-62; 114-53.

59. Galil K, Choo PW, Donahue JG, Platt R. The sequelae of herpes zoster. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jun 9. 157(11):1209-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Svozílková P, Ríhová E, Diblík P, Kuthan P, Kovarík Z, Kalvodová B. Varicella zoster virus acute retinal necrosis following eye contusion: case report. Virol J. 2005 Aug 31. 2:77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Paquin R, Susin LF, Welch G, Barnes JB, Stevens MR, Tay FR. Herpes Zoster Involving the Second Division of the Trigeminal Nerve: Case Report and Literature Review. J Endod. 2017 Sep. 43 (9):1569-1573. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Chopra A, Sivaraman K, Thomas BS. Herpes zoster of gingiva in an older woman: a rare case report. Gerodontology. 2017 Jun. 34 (2):280-283. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Westenend PJ, Hoppenbrouwers WJ. [Fatal varicella-zoster encephalitis; a rare complication of herpes zoster]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Mar 21. 142(12):654-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Kim YJ, Lee CN, Lee MS, Lee JH, Lee JY, Han K, et al. Recurrence Rate of Herpes Zoster and Its Risk Factors: a Population-based Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2019 Jan 14. 34 (2):e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Fabian VA, Wood B, Crowley P, Kakulas BA. Herpes zoster brachial plexus neuritis. Clin Neuropathol. 1997 Mar-Apr. 16(2):61-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Suzuki S, Takasu T, Inuyama Y, Nagashima K. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in patients with acute peripheral facial palsy by the polymerase chain reaction, and its use for early diagnosis of zoster sine herpete. J Med Virol. 1997 Jul. 52(3):316-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Hong JJ, Elgart ML. Gastrointestinal complications of dermatomal herpes zoster successfully treated with famciclovir and lactulose. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Feb. 38(2 Pt 1):279-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Cresswell F, Eadie J, Longley N, Macallan D. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome following primary infection with varicella zoster virus in an adult. Int J Infect Dis. 2010 Feb. 14(2):e161-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Shapiro JS. Does varicella-zoster virus infection of the peripheral ganglia cause Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Nov. 73(5):728-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Moodley A, Swanson J, Grose C, Bonthius DJ. Severe Herpes Zoster Following Varicella Vaccination in Immunocompetent Young Children. J Child Neurol. 2019 Jan 10. 883073818821498. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Ogita S, Terada K, Niizuma T, Kosaka Y, Kataoka N. Characteristics of facial nerve palsy during childhood in Japan: frequency of varicella-zoster virus association. Pediatr Int. 2006 Jun. 48(3):245-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Elkind MS, Hills NK, Glaser CA, Lo WD, Amlie-Lefond C, Dlamini N, et al. Herpesvirus Infections and Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke: Results of the VIPS Study. Circulation. 2016 Jan 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Grose C. Biological Plausibility of a Link Between Arterial Ischemic Stroke and Infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus or Herpes Simplex Virus. Circulation. 2016 Jan 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Koh MJ, Seah PP, Teo RY. Zosteriform herpes simplex. Singapore Med J. 2008 Feb. 49(2):e59-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Patel GA, Siperstein RD, Ragi G, Schwartz RA. Zosteriform lymphangioma circumscriptum. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2009 Dec. 18(4):179-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Ozcan A, Senol M, Saglam H, Seyhan M, Durmaz R, Aktas E, et al. Comparison of the Tzanck test and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of cutaneous herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Nov. 46(11):1177-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Kalpoe JS, Kroes AC, Verkerk S, Claas EC, Barge RM, Beersma MF. Clinical relevance of quantitative varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA detection in plasma after stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jul. 38(1):41-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Böer A, Herder N, Blödorn-Schlicht N, Falk T. Herpes incognito most commonly is herpes zoster and its histopathologic pattern is distinctive!. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006 Apr. 28(2):181-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Homsy J, Katabira E, Kabatesi D, Mubiru F e. Evaluating herbal medicine for the management of Herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Kampala, Uganda. J Altern Complement Med. 1999 Dec. 5(6):553-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Shrestha M, Chen A. Modalities in managing postherpetic neuralgia. Korean J Pain. 2018 Oct. 31 (4):235-243. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Chiriac A, Chiriac AE, Pinteala T, Moldovan C, Stolnicu S. Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Topical Acyclovir: Case Series. J Emerg Med. 2017 Feb. 52 (2):e37-e39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Gelb LD. Preventing herpes zoster through vaccination. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb. 115(2 Suppl):S35-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Huang J, Huang J, Xiang Y, Gao L, Pan Y, Lu J. [Topical ozone therapy: An innovative solution to patients with herpes zoster]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018 Feb 28. 43 (2):168-172. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Eaglstein WH, Katz R, Brown JA. The effects of early corticosteroid therapy on the skin eruption and pain of herpes zoster. JAMA. 1970 Mar 9. 211(10):1681-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Whitley RJ, Weiss H, Gnann JW Jr, Tyring S, Mertz GJ et al. Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Sep 1. 125(5):376-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Wood MJ, Shukla S, Fiddian AP, Crooks RJ. Treatment of acute herpes zoster: effect of early (< 48 h) versus late (48-72 h) therapy with acyclovir and valaciclovir on prolonged pain. J Infect Dis. 1998 Nov. 178 Suppl 1:S81-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. van Wijck AJ, Opstelten W, Moons KG, van Essen GA, Stolker RJ, Kalkman CJ, et al. The PINE study of epidural steroids and local anaesthetics to prevent postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Jan 21. 367(9506):219-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Berry JD, Petersen KL. A single dose of gabapentin reduces acute pain and allodynia in patients with herpes zoster. Neurology. 2005 Aug 9. 65(3):444-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Dworkin RH, Barbano RL, Tyring SK, Betts RF, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxycodone and of gabapentin for acute pain in herpes zoster. Pain. 2009 Apr. 142(3):209-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Lin PL, Fan SZ, Huang CH, Huang HH, Tsai MC, Lin CJ, et al. Analgesic effect of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of acute herpes zoster: a double-blind and vehicle-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Jul-Aug. 33(4):320-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A. Topical aspirin/diethyl ether mixture versus indomethacin and diclofenac/diethyl ether mixtures for acute herpetic neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia: a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study. Pain. 1996 Apr. 65(1):45-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Semel D, Murphy TK, Zlateva G, Cheung R, Emir B. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. BMC Fam Pract. 2010 Nov 5. 11:85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

93. Huff JC, Bean B, Balfour HH Jr, Laskin OL, Connor JD, Corey L, et al. Therapy of herpes zoster with oral acyclovir. Am J Med. 1988 Aug 29. 85(2A):84-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Degreef H. Famciclovir, a new oral antiherpes drug: results of the first controlled clinical study demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1994. 4(4):241-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Tyring S, Barbarash RA, Nahlik JE, Cunningham A, Marley J, Heng M, et al. Famciclovir for the treatment of acute herpes zoster: effects on acute disease and postherpetic neuralgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Collaborative Famciclovir Herpes Zoster Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jul 15. 123(2):89-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Beutner KR, Friedman DJ, Forszpaniak C, Andersen PL, Wood MJ. Valaciclovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jul. 39(7):1546-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

97. Wood MJ, Johnson RW, McKendrick MW, Taylor J, Mandal BK, Crooks J. A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 31. 330(13):896-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Kumar V, Krone K, Mathieu A. Neuraxial and sympathetic blocks in herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: an appraisal of current evidence. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004 Sep-Oct. 29(5):454-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Ahmed HE, Craig WF, White PF, Ghoname ES, Hamza MA, Gajraj NM, et al. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative to antiviral drugs for acute herpes zoster. Anesth Analg. 1998 Oct. 87(4):911-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Strasfeld L, Chou S. Antiviral drug resistance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Sep. 24(3):809-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Decroix J, Partsch H, Gonzalez R, Mobacken H, Goh CL, Walsh L, et al. Factors influencing pain outcome in herpes zoster: an observational study with valaciclovir. Valaciclovir International Zoster Assessment Group (VIZA). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 Jan. 14(1):23-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Kurokawa I, Kumano K, Murakawa K. Clinical correlates of prolonged pain in Japanese patients with acute herpes zoster. J Int Med Res. 2002 Jan-Feb. 30(1):56-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Kubeyinje EP. Cost-benefit of oral acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster. Int J Dermatol. 1997 Jun. 36(6):457-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Ahmed AM, Brantley JS, Madkan V, Mendoza N, Tyring SK. Managing herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. Herpes. 2007 Sep. 14(2):32-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Kim M, Han K, Yoo SA, Lee JH. Herpes Zoster and Subsequent Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea. Dermatology. 2021. 237 (1):73-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Balfour HH Jr, Bean B, et al. Acyclovir halts progression of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jun 16. 308(24):1448-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Morgan R, King D. Characteristics of patients with shingles admitted to a district general hospital. Postgrad Med J. 1998 Feb. 74(868):101-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

108. Colin J, Prisant O, Cochener B, Lescale O, Rolland B, Hoang-Xuan T. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmology. 2000 Aug. 107(8):1507-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Tyring S, Engst R, Corriveau C, Robillard N, et al. Famciclovir for ophthalmic zoster: a randomised aciclovir controlled study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 May. 85(5):576-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

110. Acosta EP, Balfour HH Jr. Acyclovir for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Oct. 45(10):2771-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

111. Dworkin RH, Schmader KE. Treatment and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 1. 36(7):877-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Whitley RJ, Volpi A, McKendrick M, Wijck Av, Oaklander AL. Management of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia now and in the future. J Clin Virol. 2010 May. 48 Suppl 1:S20-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Wu CL, Raja SN. An update on the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. J Pain. 2008 Jan. 9(1 Suppl 1):S19-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Rauck RL, Irving GA, Wallace MS, Vanhove GF, Sweeney M. Once-Daily Gastroretentive Gabapentin for Postherpetic Neuralgia: Integrated Efficacy, Time to Onset of Pain Relief and Safety Analyses of Data From Two Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Studies. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012 Nov 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Khaliq W, Alam S, Puri N. Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18. CD004846. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Kotani N, Kushikata T, Hashimoto H, Kimura F, Muraoka M, Yodono M, et al. Intrathecal methylprednisolone for intractable postherpetic neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 23. 343(21):1514-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Paster Z, Morris CM. Treatment of the localized pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Postgrad Med. 2010 Jan. 122(1):91-107. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Pavan-Langston D. Herpes zoster antivirals and pain management. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb. 115(2 Suppl):S13-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Dahlmann A. Pain management in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. J R Soc Med. 2000 Jun. 93(6):334-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

120. Douglas MW, Johnson RW, Cunningham AL. Tolerability of treatments for postherpetic neuralgia. Drug Saf. 2004. 27(15):1217-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Evans RW, Lee AG. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, ophthalmoplegia, and trauma. Headache. 2004 Mar. 44(3):286-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2. 352(22):2271-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

123. Oxman MN. Zoster vaccine: current status and future prospects. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 15. 51(2):197-213. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

124. Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, Wu H, Mascola L, Gargiullo P, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Nov. 28(11):954-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

125. Caple J. Varicella-zoster virus vaccine: a review of its use in the prevention of herpes zoster in older adults. Drugs Today (Barc). 2006 Apr. 42(4):249-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

126. van Hoek AJ, Gay N, Melegaro A, Opstelten W, Edmunds WJ. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against herpes zoster in England and Wales. Vaccine. 2009 Feb 25. 27(9):1454-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

127. [Guideline] Dooling KL, Guo A, Patel M, Lee GM, Moore K, Belongia EA, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Herpes Zoster Vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jan 26. 67 (3):103-108. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

128. [Guideline] CDC. Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/adult.html. 2018 Feb 06; Accessed: February 6, 2018.

129. Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Gnann JW Jr, McNeil SA, Vesikari T, Betts RF, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50-59 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr. 54 (7):922-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

130. Singh G, Song S, Choi E, Lee PB, Nahm FS. Recombinant zoster vaccine (Shingrix^®): a new option for the prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Korean J Pain. 2020 Jul 1. 33 (3):201-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

131. Lenfant T, Jin Y, Kirchner E, Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese LH, Calabrese C. Safety of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: a Retrospective Study of 622 Rheumatology Patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Feb 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

132. Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, Chlibek R, Diez-Domingo J, Hwang SJ, et al. Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 28. 372 (22):2087-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

133. Cunningham AL, Lal H, Kovac M, et al. Efficacy of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults 70 Years of Age or Older. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15. 375 (11):1019-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

134. Curran D, Patterson BJ, Van-Oorschot D, Buck PO, Carrico J, Hicks KA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in older adults in the United States who have been previously vaccinated with zoster vaccine live. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019 Jan 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

135. Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007 Jun 22. 56:1-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

136. [Guideline] Fashner J, Bell AL. Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: prevention and management. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Jun 15. 83 (12):1432-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

137. [Guideline] Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15. 59 (2):147-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

138. [Guideline] Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb. 58 (3):309-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

139. [Guideline] Dubinsky RM, Kabbani H, El-Chami Z, Boutwell C, Ali H, Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an evidence-based report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004 Sep 28. 63 (6):959-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

140. [Guideline] Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Sep. 17 (9):1113-e88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

141. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on herpes zoster vaccine: licensure for persons aged 50 through 59 years. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Nov 11. 60 (44):1528. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

142. Lee EG, Lee HJ, Hyun DJ, Min K, Kim DH, Yoon MS. Efficacy of low dose gabapentin in acute herpes zoster for preventing postherpetic neuralgia: a prospective controlled study. Dermatol Ther. 2016 Jan 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Camila K Janniger, MD Clinical Professor of Dermatology, Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Chief of Pediatric Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Camila K Janniger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph S Eastern, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Clinical Assistant Professor, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education

Joseph S Eastern, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, International Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Medical Society of New Jersey

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, FASTMH Physician, San Antonio Infectious Diseases Consultants; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, FASTMH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, International Society for Infectious Diseases, International Society of Travel Medicine, Medical Mycological Society of the Americas, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James E Moon, MD, FACP, FIDSA Director, Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

James E Moon, MD, FACP, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wayne E Anderson, DO Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine/Neurology, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences; Clinical Faculty in Family Medicine, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Departments of Neurology and Pain Management, California Pacific Medical Center

Wayne E Anderson, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Medical Association, American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, California Medical Association, and San Francisco Medical Society

Disclosure: Teva Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Insys Honoraria Speaking and teaching; DepoMed Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Jeffrey Glenn Bowman, MD, MS Consulting Staff, Highfield MRI

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kevin P Connelly, DO Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Emergency Care, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Paws for Health Pet Visitation Program of the Richmond SPCA; Pediatric Emergency Physician, Emergency Consultants Inc, Chippenham Medical Center

Kevin P Connelly, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Osteopathic Pediatricians, and American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Burke A Cunha, MD Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital

Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maria M Diaz, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Memorial Hospital

Maria M Diaz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrea N Driano, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle WA

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte Medical Center

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Franklin Flowers, MD Chief, Division of Dermatology, Professor, Department of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Affiliate Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine

Franklin Flowers, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

C Stephen Foster, MD, FACS, FACR, FAAO Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School; Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Founder and President, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution

C Stephen Foster, MD, FACS, FACR, FAAO is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Rheumatology, American College of Surgeons, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kilbourn Gordon III, MD, FACEP Urgent Care Physician

Kilbourn Gordon III, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robin R Hemphill, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Director, Quality and Safety, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine

Robin R Hemphill, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ryan I Huffman, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Yale-New Haven Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Camila K Janniger, MD Clinical Professor of Dermatology, Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Chief of Pediatric Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School

Camila K Janniger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard S Krause, MD Senior Clinical Faculty/Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Buffalo State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Richard S Krause, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Krusinski, MD Director of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine

Paul Krusinski, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Cynthia Haeshin Moon, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center/Kings County Hospital Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barbara L Roque, MD Full Partner, Ophthalmic Consultants Philippines Co; Service Chief, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Department of Ophthalmology, Asian Hospital and Medical Center; Active Staff, International Eye Institute, St Luke's Medical Center Global City; Visiting Ophthalmologist, AMC Eye Center, Alabang Medical Center

Barbara L Roque, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology, Philippine Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and Philippine Society of Pediatric Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Manolette R Roque, MD, MBA General Manager, Full Partner, Ophthalmic Consultants Philippines Co.; President and CEO, Chief Refractive Surgeon, EYE REPUBLIC Ophthalmology Clinic; Section Chief, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, Department of Ophthalmology, Asian Hospital and Medical Center; Section Chief, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis, International Eye Institute, St Luke's Medical Center Global City; Senior Eye Surgeon, The LASIK Surgery Clinic; Director, AMC Eye Center, Alabang Medical Center; President, Philippine Ocular Inflammation Society

Manolette R Roque, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmic Executives, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Society of Ophthalmic Administrators, American Uveitis Society, International Ocular Inflammation Society, Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Ocular Inflammation Society, and Philippine Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark A Silverberg, MD, MMB, FACEP Assistant Professor, Associate Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Kings County Hospital, University Hospital, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Mark A Silverberg, MD, MMB, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed Director, Regional MS Center of Excellence, St Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National MS Society Multiple Sclerosis Center; Director, Neuropathy Association Center of Excellence, Professor, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Virology, St Louis University School of Medicine

Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, American Paraplegia Society, Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Wallace, MD, FACP, FIDSA Clinical Professor of Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine; Head of Infectious Disease Fellowship Program, Orlando Regional Medical Center

Mark R Wallace, MD, FACP, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

R Christopher Walton, MD Professor, Director of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammatory Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine

R Christopher Walton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Healthcare Executives, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, and Retina Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H Medical Director, Office of Service Continuity and Disaster Planning, Fellowship Director, Stanford University Medical Center Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Chairman, SUMC and LPCH Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness Task Force, Clinical Associate Progressor, Department of Surgery (Emergency Medicine), Stanford University Medical Center

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Association for Oncology, Southern Clinical Neurological Society, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article