[Guideline] Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1. 44 Suppl 1:S1-26. [Medline].
Blein C, Gavazzi G, Paccalin M, Baptiste C, Berrut G, Vainchtock A. Burden of herpes zoster: the direct and comorbidity costs of herpes zoster events in hospitalized patients over 50 years in France. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 19. 15 (1):350. [Medline].
Goh CL, Khoo L. A retrospective study of the clinical presentation and outcome of herpes zoster in a tertiary dermatology outpatient referral clinic. Int J Dermatol. 1997 Sep. 36(9):667-72. [Medline].
Pasqualucci A, Pasqualucci V, Galla F, De Angelis V, et al. Prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia: acyclovir and prednisolone versus epidural local anesthetic and methylprednisolone. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000 Sep. 44(8):910-8. [Medline].
Kost RG, Straus SE. Postherpetic neuralgia--pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jul 4. 335(1):32-42. [Medline].
Zareba G. Pregabalin: a new agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Drugs Today (Barc). 2005 Aug. 41(8):509-16. [Medline].
Irving G, Jensen M, Cramer M, Wu J, Chiang YK, Tark M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of gastric-retentive gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2009 Mar-Apr. 25(3):185-92. [Medline].
Ongkosuwito JV, Feron EJ, van Doornik CE, Van der Lelij A, Hoyng CB, La Heij EC, et al. Analysis of immunoregulatory cytokines in ocular fluid samples from patients with uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Dec. 39(13):2659-65. [Medline].
Kumano Y, Manabe J, Hamamoto M, Kawano Y, Minagawa H, Fukumaki Y, et al. Detection of varicella-zoster virus genome having a PstI site in the ocular sample from a patient with acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmic Res. 1995. 27(5):310-6. [Medline].
Karlin JD. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: the virus strikes back. Ann Ophthalmol. 1993 Jun. 25(6):208-15. [Medline].
Ptaszyńska-Sarosiek I, Dunaj J, Zajkowska A, Niemcunowicz-Janica A, Król M, Pancewicz S, et al. Post-mortem detection of six human herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6) in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia by PCR. PeerJ. 2019. 6:e6095. [Medline].
Jemsek J, Greenberg SB, Taber L, Harvey D, Gershon A, Couch RB. Herpes zoster-associated encephalitis: clinicopathologic report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1983 Mar. 62(2):81-97. [Medline].
Pevenstein SR, Williams RK, McChesney D, Mont EK, Smialek JE, Straus SE. Quantitation of latent varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus genomes in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol. 1999 Dec. 73(12):10514-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Pavan-Langston D. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Neurology. 1995 Dec. 45(12 Suppl 8):S50-1. [Medline].
Sweeney CJ, Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Aug. 71(2):149-54. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Brooks JK, Rostami AM, McCorkle DC, Benesh SI. Trigeminal herpes zoster and Ramsay Hunt syndrome in an elderly adult: Presentation with prodromal toothache. Gerodontology. 2018 Sep. 35 (3):276-278. [Medline].
Wung PK, Holbrook JT, Hoffman GS, Tibbs AK, Specks U, et al. Herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients: incidence, timing, and risk factors. Am J Med. 2005 Dec. 118(12):1416. [Medline].
Norman J, Politz D. Shingles (varicella zoster) outbreaks in patients with hyperparathyroidism and their relationship to hypercalcemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 May 1. 46(9):1452-4. [Medline].
Chronister CL. Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection. Optom Vis Sci. 1996 Apr. 73(4):225-30. [Medline].
Foster RE, Petersen MR, Neuss MN, Osher RH. Progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome in a lymphoma patient with good visual outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul. 132(1):117-20. [Medline].
Hodge WG, Seiff SR, Margolis TP. Ocular opportunistic infection incidences among patients who are HIV positive compared to patients who are HIV negative. Ophthalmology. 1998 May. 105(5):895-900. [Medline].
Kezuka T. Immune deviation and ocular infections with varicella zoster virus. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004 Mar. 12(1):17-24. [Medline].
Margolis TP, Milner MS, Shama A, Hodge W, Seiff S. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Mar. 125(3):285-91. [Medline].
Peck R, Gimple SK, Gregory DW, Youree B. Progressive outer retinal necrosis in a 73-year-old man: treatment with valganciclovir. AIDS. 2003 May 2. 17(7):1110-1. [Medline].
Purdy KW, Heckenlively JR, Church JA, Keller MA. Progressive outer retinal necrosis caused by varicella-zoster virus in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr. 22(4):384-6. [Medline].
Rao NA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its ocular complications. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1994 Jun. 42(2):51-63. [Medline].
Walton RC, Reed KL. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus following bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999 Jun. 23(12):1317-20. [Medline].
Yau TH, Butrus SI. Presumed bilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an AIDS patient: a case report. Cornea. 1996 Nov. 15(6):633-4. [Medline].
Bert RJ, Samawareerwa R, Melhem ER. CNS MR and CT findings associated with a clinical presentation of herpetic acute retinal necrosis and herpetic retrobulbar optic neuritis: five HIV-infected and one non-infected patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Nov-Dec. 25(10):1722-9. [Medline].
Gariano RF, Berreen JP, Cooney EL. Progressive outer retinal necrosis and acute retinal necrosis in fellow eyes of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep. 132(3):421-3. [Medline].
Neves RA, Rodriguez A, Power WJ, Muccioli C, Lane L, Belfort R Jr, et al. Herpes zoster peripheral ulcerative keratitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cornea. 1996 Sep. 15(5):446-50. [Medline].
Fernandes NF, Malliah R, Stitik TP, Rozdeba P, Lambert WC, Schwartz RA. Herpes zoster following intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2009 Mar. 18(1):28-30. [Medline].
Benz MS, Glaser JS, Davis JL. Progressive outer retinal necrosis in immunocompetent patients treated initially for optic neuropathy with systemic corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Apr. 135(4):551-3. [Medline].
Strangfeld A, Listing J, Herzer P, Liebhaber A, Rockwitz K, Richter C, et al. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 2009 Feb 18. 301(7):737-44. [Medline].
Sharma A, Makrandi S, Modi M, Sharma A, Marfatia Y. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 Nov-Dec. 74(6):619-21. [Medline].
Reuters Health. Increased Risk of Herpes Zoster With IBD, Study Confirms. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776280. Accessed: February 21, 2013.
Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of herpes zoster among 108 604 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Feb. 37(4):420-9. [Medline].
Nouri K, Ricotti CA Jr, Bouzari N, Chen H, Ahn E, Bach A. The incidence of recurrent herpes simplex and herpes zoster infection during treatment with arsenic trioxide. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006 Feb. 5(2):182-5. [Medline].
Korber A, Franckson T, Grabbe S, Dissemond J. Ambilateral reactivation of herpes zoster V2 following cataract operation of both eyes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 May. 21(5):712-3. [Medline].
Forbes HJ, Bhaskaran K, Thomas SL, Smeeth L, Clayton T, Langan SM. Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2014. 348:g2911. [Full Text].
Marin M, Meissner HC, Seward JF. Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges. Pediatrics. 2008 Sep. 122(3):e744-51. [Medline].
Whitley RJ. Varicella-Zoster Virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2010:1963-69.
Gnann JW Jr, Whitley RJ. Clinical practice. Herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 1. 347(5):340-6. [Medline].
Schmader K, George LK, Burchett BM, Pieper CF. Racial and psychosocial risk factors for herpes zoster in the elderly. J Infect Dis. 1998 Nov. 178 Suppl 1:S67-70. [Medline].
Araújo LQ, Macintyre CR, Vujacich C. Epidemiology and burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in Australia, Asia and South America. Herpes. 2007 Sep. 14 Suppl 2:40-4. [Medline].
Ultsch B, Köster I, Reinhold T, Siedler A, Krause G, Icks A, et al. Epidemiology and cost of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in Germany. Eur J Health Econ. 2012 Dec 28. [Medline].
Nagasako EM, Johnson RW, Griffin DR, Elpern DJ, Dworkin RH. Geographic and racial aspects of herpes zoster. J Med Virol. 2003. 70 Suppl 1:S20-3. [Medline].
Schmader K. Herpes zoster in older adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 May 15. 32(10):1481-6. [Medline].
Insinga RP, Itzler RF, Pellissier JM, Saddier P, Nikas AA. The incidence of herpes zoster in a United States administrative database. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 Aug. 20(8):748-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ertunç V, Dane S, Karakuzu A, Deniz O. Higher herpes zoster infection frequency in right-handed patients and more frequent appearance in the left body side of females. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997 May. 77(3):245. [Medline].
Tseng HF, Smith N, Marcy SM, Sy LS, Chao CR, Jacobsen SJ. Risk factors of herpes zoster among children immunized with varicella vaccine: results from a nested case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Mar. 29(3):205-8. [Medline].
Kim MC, Yun SC, Lee HB, Lee PH, Lee SW, Choi SH, et al. Herpes Zoster Increases the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 11. 70 (2):295-296. [Medline].
Wendling P. Analysis Strengthens Herpes Zoster Link With Stroke, MI. Medscape News & Perspective. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/882769. July 11, 2017; Accessed: July 20, 2017.
Matthews I, Duong M, Parsons VL, Nozad B, Qizilbash N, Patel Y, et al. Burden of disease from shingles and post-herpetic neuralgia in the over 80 year olds in the UK. PLoS One. 2020. 15 (2):e0229224. [Medline].
Coley KC, Gessler C, McGivney M, Richardson R, DeJames J, Berenbrok LA. Increasing adult vaccinations at a regional supermarket chain pharmacy: A multi-site demonstration project. Vaccine. 2020 Feb 21. [Medline].
Makharita MY. Prevention of Post-herpetic Neuralgia from Dream to Reality: A Ten-step Model. Pain Physician. 2017 Feb. 20 (2):E209-E220. [Medline].
Ono N, Sakabe A, Nakajima M. [Herpes zoster oticus-associated jugular foramen syndrome]. Brain Nerve. 2010 Jan. 62(1):81-4. [Medline].
Edgerton G. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a review of the literature. Arch Ophthalmol. 1945;34:40-62; 114-53.
Galil K, Choo PW, Donahue JG, Platt R. The sequelae of herpes zoster. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jun 9. 157(11):1209-13. [Medline].
Svozílková P, Ríhová E, Diblík P, Kuthan P, Kovarík Z, Kalvodová B. Varicella zoster virus acute retinal necrosis following eye contusion: case report. Virol J. 2005 Aug 31. 2:77. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Paquin R, Susin LF, Welch G, Barnes JB, Stevens MR, Tay FR. Herpes Zoster Involving the Second Division of the Trigeminal Nerve: Case Report and Literature Review. J Endod. 2017 Sep. 43 (9):1569-1573. [Medline].
Chopra A, Sivaraman K, Thomas BS. Herpes zoster of gingiva in an older woman: a rare case report. Gerodontology. 2017 Jun. 34 (2):280-283. [Medline].
Westenend PJ, Hoppenbrouwers WJ. [Fatal varicella-zoster encephalitis; a rare complication of herpes zoster]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Mar 21. 142(12):654-7. [Medline].
Kim YJ, Lee CN, Lee MS, Lee JH, Lee JY, Han K, et al. Recurrence Rate of Herpes Zoster and Its Risk Factors: a Population-based Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2019 Jan 14. 34 (2):e1. [Medline].
Fabian VA, Wood B, Crowley P, Kakulas BA. Herpes zoster brachial plexus neuritis. Clin Neuropathol. 1997 Mar-Apr. 16(2):61-4. [Medline].
Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Suzuki S, Takasu T, Inuyama Y, Nagashima K. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in patients with acute peripheral facial palsy by the polymerase chain reaction, and its use for early diagnosis of zoster sine herpete. J Med Virol. 1997 Jul. 52(3):316-9. [Medline].
Hong JJ, Elgart ML. Gastrointestinal complications of dermatomal herpes zoster successfully treated with famciclovir and lactulose. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Feb. 38(2 Pt 1):279-80. [Medline].
Cresswell F, Eadie J, Longley N, Macallan D. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome following primary infection with varicella zoster virus in an adult. Int J Infect Dis. 2010 Feb. 14(2):e161-3. [Medline].
Shapiro JS. Does varicella-zoster virus infection of the peripheral ganglia cause Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Nov. 73(5):728-34. [Medline].
Moodley A, Swanson J, Grose C, Bonthius DJ. Severe Herpes Zoster Following Varicella Vaccination in Immunocompetent Young Children. J Child Neurol. 2019 Jan 10. 883073818821498. [Medline].
Ogita S, Terada K, Niizuma T, Kosaka Y, Kataoka N. Characteristics of facial nerve palsy during childhood in Japan: frequency of varicella-zoster virus association. Pediatr Int. 2006 Jun. 48(3):245-9. [Medline].
Elkind MS, Hills NK, Glaser CA, Lo WD, Amlie-Lefond C, Dlamini N, et al. Herpesvirus Infections and Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke: Results of the VIPS Study. Circulation. 2016 Jan 26. [Medline].
Grose C. Biological Plausibility of a Link Between Arterial Ischemic Stroke and Infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus or Herpes Simplex Virus. Circulation. 2016 Jan 26. [Medline].
Koh MJ, Seah PP, Teo RY. Zosteriform herpes simplex. Singapore Med J. 2008 Feb. 49(2):e59-60. [Medline].
Patel GA, Siperstein RD, Ragi G, Schwartz RA. Zosteriform lymphangioma circumscriptum. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2009 Dec. 18(4):179-82. [Medline].
Ozcan A, Senol M, Saglam H, Seyhan M, Durmaz R, Aktas E, et al. Comparison of the Tzanck test and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of cutaneous herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Nov. 46(11):1177-9. [Medline].
Kalpoe JS, Kroes AC, Verkerk S, Claas EC, Barge RM, Beersma MF. Clinical relevance of quantitative varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA detection in plasma after stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jul. 38(1):41-6. [Medline].
Böer A, Herder N, Blödorn-Schlicht N, Falk T. Herpes incognito most commonly is herpes zoster and its histopathologic pattern is distinctive!. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006 Apr. 28(2):181-6. [Medline].
Homsy J, Katabira E, Kabatesi D, Mubiru F e. Evaluating herbal medicine for the management of Herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Kampala, Uganda. J Altern Complement Med. 1999 Dec. 5(6):553-65. [Medline].
Shrestha M, Chen A. Modalities in managing postherpetic neuralgia. Korean J Pain. 2018 Oct. 31 (4):235-243. [Medline].
Chiriac A, Chiriac AE, Pinteala T, Moldovan C, Stolnicu S. Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Topical Acyclovir: Case Series. J Emerg Med. 2017 Feb. 52 (2):e37-e39. [Medline].
Gelb LD. Preventing herpes zoster through vaccination. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb. 115(2 Suppl):S35-8. [Medline].
Huang J, Huang J, Xiang Y, Gao L, Pan Y, Lu J. [Topical ozone therapy: An innovative solution to patients with herpes zoster]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018 Feb 28. 43 (2):168-172. [Medline].
Eaglstein WH, Katz R, Brown JA. The effects of early corticosteroid therapy on the skin eruption and pain of herpes zoster. JAMA. 1970 Mar 9. 211(10):1681-3. [Medline].
Whitley RJ, Weiss H, Gnann JW Jr, Tyring S, Mertz GJ et al. Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Sep 1. 125(5):376-83. [Medline].
Wood MJ, Shukla S, Fiddian AP, Crooks RJ. Treatment of acute herpes zoster: effect of early (< 48 h) versus late (48-72 h) therapy with acyclovir and valaciclovir on prolonged pain. J Infect Dis. 1998 Nov. 178 Suppl 1:S81-4. [Medline].
van Wijck AJ, Opstelten W, Moons KG, van Essen GA, Stolker RJ, Kalkman CJ, et al. The PINE study of epidural steroids and local anaesthetics to prevent postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Jan 21. 367(9506):219-24. [Medline].
Berry JD, Petersen KL. A single dose of gabapentin reduces acute pain and allodynia in patients with herpes zoster. Neurology. 2005 Aug 9. 65(3):444-7. [Medline].
Dworkin RH, Barbano RL, Tyring SK, Betts RF, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxycodone and of gabapentin for acute pain in herpes zoster. Pain. 2009 Apr. 142(3):209-17. [Medline].
Lin PL, Fan SZ, Huang CH, Huang HH, Tsai MC, Lin CJ, et al. Analgesic effect of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of acute herpes zoster: a double-blind and vehicle-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Jul-Aug. 33(4):320-5. [Medline].
De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A. Topical aspirin/diethyl ether mixture versus indomethacin and diclofenac/diethyl ether mixtures for acute herpetic neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia: a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study. Pain. 1996 Apr. 65(1):45-51. [Medline].
Semel D, Murphy TK, Zlateva G, Cheung R, Emir B. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. BMC Fam Pract. 2010 Nov 5. 11:85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Huff JC, Bean B, Balfour HH Jr, Laskin OL, Connor JD, Corey L, et al. Therapy of herpes zoster with oral acyclovir. Am J Med. 1988 Aug 29. 85(2A):84-9. [Medline].
Degreef H. Famciclovir, a new oral antiherpes drug: results of the first controlled clinical study demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1994. 4(4):241-6. [Medline].
Tyring S, Barbarash RA, Nahlik JE, Cunningham A, Marley J, Heng M, et al. Famciclovir for the treatment of acute herpes zoster: effects on acute disease and postherpetic neuralgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Collaborative Famciclovir Herpes Zoster Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jul 15. 123(2):89-96. [Medline].
Beutner KR, Friedman DJ, Forszpaniak C, Andersen PL, Wood MJ. Valaciclovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jul. 39(7):1546-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Wood MJ, Johnson RW, McKendrick MW, Taylor J, Mandal BK, Crooks J. A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 31. 330(13):896-900. [Medline].
Kumar V, Krone K, Mathieu A. Neuraxial and sympathetic blocks in herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: an appraisal of current evidence. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004 Sep-Oct. 29(5):454-61. [Medline].
Ahmed HE, Craig WF, White PF, Ghoname ES, Hamza MA, Gajraj NM, et al. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative to antiviral drugs for acute herpes zoster. Anesth Analg. 1998 Oct. 87(4):911-4. [Medline].
Strasfeld L, Chou S. Antiviral drug resistance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Sep. 24(3):809-33. [Medline].
Decroix J, Partsch H, Gonzalez R, Mobacken H, Goh CL, Walsh L, et al. Factors influencing pain outcome in herpes zoster: an observational study with valaciclovir. Valaciclovir International Zoster Assessment Group (VIZA). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 Jan. 14(1):23-33. [Medline].
Kurokawa I, Kumano K, Murakawa K. Clinical correlates of prolonged pain in Japanese patients with acute herpes zoster. J Int Med Res. 2002 Jan-Feb. 30(1):56-65. [Medline].
Kubeyinje EP. Cost-benefit of oral acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster. Int J Dermatol. 1997 Jun. 36(6):457-9. [Medline].
Ahmed AM, Brantley JS, Madkan V, Mendoza N, Tyring SK. Managing herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. Herpes. 2007 Sep. 14(2):32-6. [Medline].
Kim M, Han K, Yoo SA, Lee JH. Herpes Zoster and Subsequent Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea. Dermatology. 2021. 237 (1):73-78. [Medline].
Balfour HH Jr, Bean B, et al. Acyclovir halts progression of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jun 16. 308(24):1448-53. [Medline].
Morgan R, King D. Characteristics of patients with shingles admitted to a district general hospital. Postgrad Med J. 1998 Feb. 74(868):101-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Colin J, Prisant O, Cochener B, Lescale O, Rolland B, Hoang-Xuan T. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmology. 2000 Aug. 107(8):1507-11. [Medline].
Tyring S, Engst R, Corriveau C, Robillard N, et al. Famciclovir for ophthalmic zoster: a randomised aciclovir controlled study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 May. 85(5):576-81. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Acosta EP, Balfour HH Jr. Acyclovir for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Oct. 45(10):2771-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Dworkin RH, Schmader KE. Treatment and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 1. 36(7):877-82. [Medline].
Whitley RJ, Volpi A, McKendrick M, Wijck Av, Oaklander AL. Management of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia now and in the future. J Clin Virol. 2010 May. 48 Suppl 1:S20-8. [Medline].
Wu CL, Raja SN. An update on the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. J Pain. 2008 Jan. 9(1 Suppl 1):S19-30. [Medline].
Rauck RL, Irving GA, Wallace MS, Vanhove GF, Sweeney M. Once-Daily Gastroretentive Gabapentin for Postherpetic Neuralgia: Integrated Efficacy, Time to Onset of Pain Relief and Safety Analyses of Data From Two Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Studies. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012 Nov 10. [Medline].
Khaliq W, Alam S, Puri N. Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18. CD004846. [Medline].
Kotani N, Kushikata T, Hashimoto H, Kimura F, Muraoka M, Yodono M, et al. Intrathecal methylprednisolone for intractable postherpetic neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 23. 343(21):1514-9. [Medline].
Paster Z, Morris CM. Treatment of the localized pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Postgrad Med. 2010 Jan. 122(1):91-107. [Medline].
Pavan-Langston D. Herpes zoster antivirals and pain management. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb. 115(2 Suppl):S13-20. [Medline].
Dahlmann A. Pain management in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. J R Soc Med. 2000 Jun. 93(6):334-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Douglas MW, Johnson RW, Cunningham AL. Tolerability of treatments for postherpetic neuralgia. Drug Saf. 2004. 27(15):1217-33. [Medline].
Evans RW, Lee AG. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, ophthalmoplegia, and trauma. Headache. 2004 Mar. 44(3):286-8. [Medline].
Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2. 352(22):2271-84. [Medline].
Oxman MN. Zoster vaccine: current status and future prospects. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 15. 51(2):197-213. [Medline].
Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, Wu H, Mascola L, Gargiullo P, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Nov. 28(11):954-9. [Medline].
Sanford M, Keating GM. Zoster vaccine (Zostavax): a review of its use in preventing herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. Drugs Aging. 2010 Feb 1. 27(2):159-76. [Medline].
Caple J. Varicella-zoster virus vaccine: a review of its use in the prevention of herpes zoster in older adults. Drugs Today (Barc). 2006 Apr. 42(4):249-54. [Medline].
van Hoek AJ, Gay N, Melegaro A, Opstelten W, Edmunds WJ. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against herpes zoster in England and Wales. Vaccine. 2009 Feb 25. 27(9):1454-67. [Medline].
[Guideline] Dooling KL, Guo A, Patel M, Lee GM, Moore K, Belongia EA, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Herpes Zoster Vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jan 26. 67 (3):103-108. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] CDC. Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/adult.html. 2018 Feb 06; Accessed: February 6, 2018.
Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Gnann JW Jr, McNeil SA, Vesikari T, Betts RF, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50-59 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr. 54 (7):922-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Schmader KE, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson G, et al. Persistence of the efficacy of zoster vaccine in the shingles prevention study and the short-term persistence substudy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15. 55(10):1320-8. [Medline].
Singh G, Song S, Choi E, Lee PB, Nahm FS. Recombinant zoster vaccine (Shingrix®): a new option for the prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Korean J Pain. 2020 Jul 1. 33 (3):201-207. [Medline].
Lenfant T, Jin Y, Kirchner E, Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese LH, Calabrese C. Safety of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: a Retrospective Study of 622 Rheumatology Patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Feb 9. [Medline].
Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, Chlibek R, Diez-Domingo J, Hwang SJ, et al. Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 28. 372 (22):2087-96. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Cunningham AL, Lal H, Kovac M, et al. Efficacy of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults 70 Years of Age or Older. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15. 375 (11):1019-32. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Curran D, Patterson BJ, Van-Oorschot D, Buck PO, Carrico J, Hicks KA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in older adults in the United States who have been previously vaccinated with zoster vaccine live. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019 Jan 9. [Medline].
Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007 Jun 22. 56:1-40. [Medline].
[Guideline] Fashner J, Bell AL. Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: prevention and management. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Jun 15. 83 (12):1432-7. [Medline].
[Guideline] Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15. 59 (2):147-59. [Medline].
[Guideline] Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb. 58 (3):309-18. [Medline].
[Guideline] Dubinsky RM, Kabbani H, El-Chami Z, Boutwell C, Ali H, Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an evidence-based report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004 Sep 28. 63 (6):959-65. [Medline].
[Guideline] Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Sep. 17 (9):1113-e88. [Medline].
[Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on herpes zoster vaccine: licensure for persons aged 50 through 59 years. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Nov 11. 60 (44):1528. [Medline].
[Guideline] Hales CM, Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez I, Bialek SR, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on recommendations for use of herpes zoster vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Aug 22. 63 (33):729-31. [Medline].
Lee EG, Lee HJ, Hyun DJ, Min K, Kim DH, Yoon MS. Efficacy of low dose gabapentin in acute herpes zoster for preventing postherpetic neuralgia: a prospective controlled study. Dermatol Ther. 2016 Jan 22. [Medline].
Lopez-Belmonte JL, Cisterna R, Gil de Miguel A, Guilmet C, Bianic F, Uhart M. The use of Zostavax in Spain: the economic case for vaccination of individuals aged 50 years and older. J Med Econ. 2016 Jan 25. 1-29. [Medline].
Brown T. FDA Panel Recommends New Shingles Vaccine. Medscape News & Perspectives. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/885637#vp_2. September 13, 2017; Accessed: September 20, 2017.
Bharucha T, Ming D, Breuer J. A critical appraisal of 'Shingrix', a novel Herpes Zoster Subunit (HZ/Su or GSK1437173A) vaccine for Varicella Zoster Virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 Apr 20. [Medline].