Neurological Manifestations of Uremic Encephalopathy Differential Diagnoses

1. De Deyn PP, D'Hooge R, Van Bogaert PP, Marescau B. Endogenous guanidino compounds as uremic neurotoxins. Kidney Int Suppl. 2001 Feb. 78:S77-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Uremia. N Engl J Med. 2007. 357:1316-1325.

3. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jul. 19(7):1360-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Lacerda G, Krummel T, Hirsch E. Neurologic presentations of renal diseases. Neurol Clin. 2010 Feb. 28(1):45-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Mahale RR, Buddaraju K, Gireesh MS, Acharya P, Srinivasa R. Acute Generalized Chorea as Presenting Manifestation of Uremic Encephalopathy. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2017 Aug. 8 (Suppl 1):S156-S158. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004 Dec. 107(1):1-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Bansal VK, Bansal S. Nervous system disorders in dialysis patients. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2014. Vol 119 (3rd series):395-404.

8. Jia LJ, Qu ZZ, Zhang XQ, Tian YJ, Wang Y. Uremic encephalopathy with isolated brainstem involvement revealed by magnetic resonance image: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2017 Aug 8. 17 (1):154. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Camara-Lemarroy CR, Flores-Cantu H, Gonzalez-Velazquez CD, Calderon-Hernandez HJ, Mendoza-Garcia AG, Villareal-Velazquez HJ. Bilateral cytotoxic edema of the centrum semiovale in uremic encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Oct 15. 345 (1-2):260-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Choi EK, Oh LK, C YA. Brain SPECT and MRI findings in a Uremic Patient with Parkinsonism. Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2015. 40:e453-e454.

11. Röhl JE, Harms L, Pommer W. Quantitative EEG findings in patients with chronic renal failure. Eur J Med Res. 2007 Apr 26. 12(4):173-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Singh NP, Sahni V, Wadhwa A, Garg S, Bajaj SK, Kohli R. Effect of improvement in anemia on electroneurophysiological markers (P300) of cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Hemodial Int. 2006 Jul. 10(3):267-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Cheng BC, Chang WN, Lu CH, Chen JB, Chang CS, Lee CH. Bacterial meningitis in hemodialyzed patients. J Nephrol. 2004 Mar-Apr. 17(2):236-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Yoon CH, Seok JI, Lee DK, An GS. Bilateral basal ganglia and unilateral cortical involvement in a diabetic uremic patient. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009 Jun. 111(5):477-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Arieff AI, Mahoney CA. Pathogenesis of dialysis encephalopathy. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1983 Nov-Dec. 5(6):641-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Balzer S, Kuttner K. [Early auditory evoked potential. A diagnostic parameter in uremic encephalopathy]. HNO. 1996 Oct. 44(10):559-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Biasioli S, D'Andrea G, Chiaramonte S, Fabris A, Feriani M, Ronco C, et al. The role of neurotransmitters in the genesis of uremic encephalopathy. Int J Artif Organs. 1984 Mar. 7(2):101-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Biasioli S, D'Andrea G, Fabris A, Feriani M, La Greca G. The pathogenesis of uremic encephalopathy (UE). Int J Artif Organs. 1985 Jan. 8(1):59-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Bolton CF, Young GB. Uremic encephalopathy. Neurological Complications of Renal Disease. Boston, MA: Butterworths; 1990. 43-74.

20. Bourne JR, Teschan PE. Computer methods, uremic encephalopathy, and adequacy of dialysis. Kidney Int. 1983 Oct. 24(4):496-506. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004 Dec. 107(1):1-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Chiappa KH, Hill RA. Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1997.

23. Chow KM, Wang AY, Hui AC, Wong TY, Szeto CC, Li PK. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Aug. 38(2):400-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. De Deyn PP, Saxena VK, Abts H, et al. Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of neurologic complications in renal failure. Acta Neurol Belg. 1992. 92:191-206. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, D'Hooge R. Nitric oxide in uremia: effects of several potentially toxic guanidino compounds. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 May. S25-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Ganesh SK, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK, Eagle K, Stack AG. Mortality differences by dialysis modality among incident ESRD patients with and without coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Feb. 14(2):415-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Habach G, Bloembergen WE, Mauger EA, Wolfe RA, Port FK. Hospitalization among United States dialysis patients: hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995 May. 5(11):1940-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP. Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Nov. 38(5):941-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Jagadha V, Deck JH, Halliday WC, Smyth HS. Wernicke's encephalopathy in patients on peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Ann Neurol. 1987 Jan. 21(1):78-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Jeppsson B, Freund HR, Gimmon Z, et al. Blood-brain barrier derangement in uremic encephalopathy. Surgery. 1982 Jul. 92(1):30-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Kiley JE, Pratt KL, Gisser DG, Schaffer CA. Techniques of EEG frequency analysis for evaluation of uremic encephalopathy. Clin Nephrol. 1976 Jun. 5(6):279-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jul. 19(7):1360-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Lockwood AH. Neurologic complications of renal disease. Neurol Clin. 1989 Aug. 7(3):617-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Mahoney CA, Arieff AI. Uremic encephalopathies: clinical, biochemical, and experimental features. Am J Kidney Dis. 1982 Nov. 2(3):324-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Moe SM, Sprague SM. Uremic encephalopathy. Clin Nephrol. 1994 Oct. 42(4):251-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Murphy SW, Foley RN, Barrett BJ, Kent GM, Morgan J, Barré P, et al. Comparative hospitalization of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in Canada. Kidney Int. 2000 Jun. 57(6):2557-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Niedermeyer E. Metabolic central nervous system disorders. Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1993. 405-18.

38. Norenberg MD, Bruce-Gregorios J. Renal disease. Textbook of Neuropathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1997. 575-9.

39. Ropper AH, Brown RH. Uremic encephalopathy. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2005. 969-71.

40. Schmidt M, Sitter T, Lederer SR, et al. Reversible MRI changes in a patient with uremic encephalopathy. J Nephrol. 2001 Sep-Oct. 14(5):424-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Souheaver GT, Ryan JJ, DeWolfe AS. Neuropsychological patterns in uremia. J Clin Psychol. 1982 Jul. 38(3):490-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Topczewska-Bruns J, Pawlak D, Chabielska E, et al. Increased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine in different brain regions of rats with chronic renal insufficiency. Brain Res Bull. 2002 Aug 15. 58(4):423-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Wu AW, Fink NE, Marsh-Manzi JV, Meyer KB, Finkelstein FO, Chapman MM, et al. Changes in quality of life during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment: generic and disease specific measures. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Mar. 15(3):743-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Zucker I, Yosipovitch G, David M, et al. Prevalence and characterization of uremic pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis: uremic pruritus is still a major problem for patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Nov. 49(5):842-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Gabriel Bucurescu, MD, MS Attending Neurologist, Neurology Service, Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Gabriel Bucurescu, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Jasvinder Chawla, MD, MBA Chief of Neurology, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital; Professor of Neurology, Loyola University Medical Center

Jasvinder Chawla, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

J Stephen Huff, MD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine

J Stephen Huff, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article