Bell Palsy Questions & Answers

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4. Anderson P. New AAN guideline on Bell’s palsy. Medscape Medical News. November 7, 2012. Accessed November 12, 2012. [Full Text].

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12. McCormick DP. Herpes-simplex virus as a cause of Bell's palsy. Lancet. 1972 Apr 29. 1(7757):937-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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14. Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L. Bell’s palsy and parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin. 2006. 2(3):110-2.

15. Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, Bopp M, Chen RT, Linder T, et al. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26. 350(9):896-903. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Halperin JJ, Golightly M. Lyme borreliosis in Bell's palsy. Long Island Neuroborreliosis Collaborative Study Group. Neurology. 1992 Jul. 42(7):1268-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002. 4-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Liu J, Li Y, Yuan X, Lin Z. Bell's palsy may have relations to bacterial infection. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Feb. 72(2):169-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Unlu Z, Aslan A, Ozbakkaloglu B, Tunger O, Surucuoglu S. Serologic examinations of hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and rubella in patients with Bell's palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 Jan. 82(1):28-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Morgan M, Moffat M, Ritchie L, Collacott I, Brown T. Is Bell's palsy a reactivation of varicella zoster virus?. J Infect. 1995 Jan. 30(1):29-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Kawaguchi K, Inamura H, Abe Y, Koshu H, Takashita E, Muraki Y, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus and therapeutic effects of combination therapy with prednisolone and valacyclovir in patients with Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope. 2007 Jan. 117(1):147-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Yanagihara N, Yumoto E, Shibahara T. Familial Bell's palsy: analysis of 25 families. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1988 Nov-Dec. 137:8-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist K. Familial risks for nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders in siblings based on hospitalisations in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007 Jan. 61(1):80-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Lee AG, Brazis PW, Eggenberger E. Recurrent idiopathic familial facial nerve palsy and ophthalmoplegia. Strabismus. 2001 Sep. 9(3):137-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Deng H, Le WD, Hunter CB, Mejia N, Xie WJ, Jankovic J. A family with Parkinson disease, essential tremor, bell palsy, and parkin mutations. Arch Neurol. 2007 Mar. 64(3):421-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Zaidi FH, Gregory-Evans K, Acheson JF, Ferguson V. Familial Bell's palsy in females: a phenotype with a predilection for eyelids and lacrimal gland. Orbit. 2005 Jun. 24(2):121-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Kim YH, Choi IJ, Kim HM, Ban JH, Cho CH, Ahn JH. Bilateral simultaneous facial nerve palsy: clinical analysis in seven cases. Otol Neurotol. 2008 Apr. 29(3):397-400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Gilden DH. Clinical practice. Bell's Palsy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23. 351(13):1323-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Adour K, Wingerd J, Doty HE. Prevalence of concurrent diabetes mellitus and idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). Diabetes. 1975 May. 24(5):449-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL Jr, Kahn ZM, Sheldon MI. The true nature of Bell's palsy: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope. 1978 May. 88(5):787-801. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Gordon SC. Bell's palsy in children: role of the school nurse in early recognition and referral. J Sch Nurs. 2008 Dec. 24(6):398-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Marsk E, Bylund N, Jonsson L, Hammarstedt L, Engström M, Hadziosmanovic N, et al. Prediction of nonrecovery in Bell's palsy using Sunnybrook grading. Laryngoscope. 2012 Apr. 122(4):901-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Pitts DB, Adour KK, Hilsinger RL Jr. Recurrent Bell's palsy: analysis of 140 patients. Laryngoscope. 1988 May. 98(5):535-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Hashisaki GT. Medical management of Bell's palsy. Compr Ther. 1997 Nov. 23(11):715-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Völter C, Helms J, Weissbrich B, Rieckmann P, Abele-Horn M. Frequent detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Bell's palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004 Aug. 261(7):400-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, Schwartz SR, Drumheller CM, Burkholder R, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Bell's Palsy Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Nov. 149(5):656-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Murphy TP. MRI of the facial nerve during paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Jan. 104(1):47-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kress BP, Griesbeck F, Efinger K, Solbach T, Gottschalk A, Kornhuber AW, et al. Bell's palsy: what is the prognostic value of measurements of signal intensity increases with contrast enhancement on MRI?. Neuroradiology. 2002 May. 44(5):428-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Burmeister HP, Baltzer PA, Volk GF, Klingner CM, Kraft A, Dietzel M, et al. Evaluation of the early phase of Bell's palsy using 3 T MRI. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Oct. 268(10):1493-500. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. May M, Blumenthal F, Klein SR. Acute Bell's palsy: prognostic value of evoked electromyography, maximal stimulation, and other electrical tests. Am J Otol. 1983 Jul. 5(1):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Hendrix RA, Melnick W. Auditory brain stem response and audiologic tests in idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1983 Dec. 91(6):686-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Shanon E, Himelfarb MZ, Zikk D. Measurement of auditory brain stem potentials in Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope. 1985 Feb. 95(2):206-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Dyck PJ. Peripheral Neuropathy. 3rd. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993.

44. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, Morrison JM, Smith BH, McKinstry B, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18. 357(16):1598-607. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Engström M, Berg T, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, et al. Prednisolone and valaciclovir in Bell's palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Nov. 7(11):993-1000. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Grogan PM, Gronseth GS. Practice parameter: Steroids, acyclovir, and surgery for Bell's palsy (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001 Apr 10. 56(7):830-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Teixeira LJ, Valbuza JS, Prado GF. Physical therapy for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7. CD006283. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Cardoso JR, Teixeira EC, Moreira MD, Fávero FM, Fontes SV, Bulle de Oliveira AS. Effects of exercises on Bell's palsy: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Otol Neurotol. 2008 Jun. 29(4):557-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Chen N, Zhou M, He L, Zhou D, Li N. Acupuncture for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4. CD002914. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Baugh R, Basura G, Ishii L, Schwartz S, Drumheller C, Burkholder R, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Bell’s Palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg November 2013 vol. 149 no. 3 suppl S1-S27. [Full Text].

51. Adour KK, Wingerd J, Bell DN, Manning JJ, Hurley JP. Prednisone treatment for idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). N Engl J Med. 1972 Dec 21. 287(25):1268-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Salinas RA, Alvarez G, Ferreira J. Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18. CD001942. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, Morrison JM, Smith BH, McKinstry B, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the use of aciclovir and/or prednisolone for the early treatment of Bell's palsy: the BELLS study. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Oct. 13(47):iii-iv, ix-xi 1-130. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Axelsson S, Berg T, Jonsson L, Engström M, Kanerva M, Pitkäranta A, et al. Prednisolone in Bell's palsy related to treatment start and age. Otol Neurotol. 2011 Jan. 32(1):141-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Kanazawa A, Haginomori S, Takamaki A, Nonaka R, Araki M, Takenaka H. Prognosis for Bell's palsy: a comparison of diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Acta Otolaryngol. 2007 Aug. 127(8):888-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Saito O, Aoyagi M, Tojima H, Koike Y. Diagnosis and treatment for Bell's palsy associated with diabetes mellitus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1994. 511:153-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Allen D, Dunn L. Aciclovir or valaciclovir for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004. CD001869. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, Matsumoto S, Honda N, Gyo K, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell's palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol. 2007 Apr. 28(3):408-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Lockhart P, Daly F, Pitkethly M, Comerford N, Sullivan F. Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7. CD001869. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. De Diego JI, Prim MP, De Sarriá MJ, Madero R, Gavilán J. Idiopathic facial paralysis: a randomized, prospective, and controlled study using single-dose prednisone versus acyclovir three times daily. Laryngoscope. 1998 Apr. 108(4 Pt 1):573-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Adour KK, Ruboyianes JM, Von Doersten PG, Byl FM, Trent CS, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. Bell's palsy treatment with acyclovir and prednisone compared with prednisone alone: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996 May. 105(5):371-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Quant EC, Jeste SS, Muni RH, Cape AV, Bhussar MK, Peleg AY. The benefits of steroids versus steroids plus antivirals for treatment of Bell's palsy: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009 Sep 7. 339:b3354. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

63. de Almeida JR, Al Khabori M, Guyatt GH, Witterick IJ, Lin VY, Nedzelski JM, et al. Combined corticosteroid and antiviral treatment for Bell palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009 Sep 2. 302(9):985-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Julian GG, Hoffmann JF, Shelton C. Surgical rehabilitation of facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1997 Oct. 30(5):701-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Pulec JL. Early decompression of the facial nerve in Bell's palsy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1981 Nov-Dec. 90(6 Pt 1):570-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Olver JM. Raising the suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF): its role in chronic facial palsy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000 Dec. 84(12):1401-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Gronseth GS, Paduga R. Evidence-based guideline update: steroids and antivirals for Bell palsy: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2012 Nov 27. 79(22):2209-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Tucker ME. Diabetes in the Elderly Addressed in Consensus Report. Medscape Medical News. Accessed November 13, 2012. October 25, 2012.

Danette C Taylor, DO, MS, FACN Medical Director, Movement Disorders, Mercy Health St Mary's; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Danette C Taylor, DO, MS, FACN is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American College of Osteopathic Neurologists and Psychiatrists, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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Selim R Benbadis, MD Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

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Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Bioserenity, Ceribell, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, Neuropace, SK life science, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Aquestive, Bioserenity, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, SK life science, Stratus, Sunovion, UCB<br/>Received research grant from: Cerevel Therapeutics, Ovid Therapeutics, Neuropace, Greenwich Jazz, SK Life Science, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Marinus, Neuroelectrics Corporation, Longboard, Janssen, Equilibre Biopharmaceuticals.

Sally B Zachariah, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, University of South Florida College of Medicine; Director, Department of Neurology, Division of Strokes, Veteran Affairs Medical Center of Bay Pines

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Dominique Dorion, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FACS Vice Dean and Associate Dean of Resources, Professor of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Sherbrooke Faculty of Medicine, Canada

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Thomas R Hedges III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, and North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

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J Stephen Huff, MD Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center

J Stephen Huff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

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Suzan Khoromi, MD Fellow, Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Cranial Research, National Institutes of Health

Suzan Khoromi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Pain Society, and International Association for the Study of Pain

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Milind J Kothari, DO Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center

Milind J Kothari, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and American Neurological Association

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Andrew W Lawton, MD Medical Director of Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Section of Ophthalmology, Baptist Eye Center, Baptist Health Medical Center

Andrew W Lawton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Arkansas Medical Society, and Southern Medical Association

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Bruce Lo, MD Medical Director, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital; Assistant Professor, Assistant Program Director, Core Academic Faculty, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Bruce Lo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, Medical Society of Virginia, Norfolk Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

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Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society

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Kim Monnell, DO, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology and American Osteopathic Association

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Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

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B Viswanatha, MBBS, MS, DLO Professor of Otolaryngology (ENT), Chief of ENT III Unit, Sri Venkateshwara ENT Institute, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute; PG and UG Examiner, Manipal University, India and Annamalai University, India

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Craig H Zalvan, MD Director of Laryngology, Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT Faculty Practice

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