Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes Differential Diagnoses

1. Levine IM, Estes JW, Looney JM. Hereditary neurological disease with acanthocytosis. A new syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1968 Oct. 19(4):403-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Critchley EM, Clark DB, Wikler A. Acanthocytosis and neurological disorder without betalipoproteinemia. Arch Neurol. 1968 Feb. 18(2):134-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Peikert K, Danek A, Hermann A. Current state of knowledge in Chorea-Acanthocytosis as core Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome. Eur J Med Genet. 2017 Dec 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Walker RH. Autosomal-dominant chorea-acanthocytosis: Report of a family and neuropathology In: Danek A, ed. Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. Springer. 2005.

5. Walker RH, Schulz VP, Tikhonova IR, Mahajan MC, Mane S, Arroyo Muniz M. Genetic diagnosis of neuroacanthocytosis disorders using exome sequencing. Mov Disord. 2011 Oct 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Redman CM, Reid ME. The McLeod syndrome: an example of the value of integrating clinical and molecular studies. Transfusion. 2002 Mar. 42(3):284-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. van den Buuse M, Webber KM. Endothelin and dopamine release. Prog Neurobiol. 2000 Mar. 60(4):385-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Jung HH, Hergersberg M, Kneifel S, et al. McLeod syndrome: a novel mutation, predominant psychiatric manifestations, and distinct striatal imaging findings. Ann Neurol. 2001 Mar. 49(3):384-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Wiethoff S, Xiromerisiou G, Bettencourt C, Kioumi A, Tsiptsios I, Tychalas A. Novel single base-pair deletion in exon 1 of XK gene leading to McLeod syndrome with chorea, muscle wasting, peripheral neuropathy, acanthocytosis and haemolysis. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Feb 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Bosman GM. Erythrocyte membrane abnormalities in neuroacanthocytosis: Evidence for a neuron-erythrocyte axis?. Danek A, ed. Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. Springer; 2005.

11. De Franceschi L, Corrocher R. Erythrocyte membrane anion exchange abnormalities in chorea-acanthocytosis: The band 3 network. Danek A, ed. Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. Springer. 2005.

12. Dobson-Stone C, Velayos-Baeza A, Filippone LA, et al. Chorein detection for the diagnosis of chorea-acanthocytosis. Ann Neurol. 2004 Aug. 56(2):299-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Bayreuther C, Borg M, Ferrero-Vacher C, Chaussenot A, Lebrun C. [Chorea-acanthocytosis without acanthocytes]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2010 Jan. 166(1):100-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Walker RH, Danek A, Uttner I, Offner R, Reid M, Lee S. McLeod phenotype without the McLeod syndrome. Transfusion. 2007 Feb. 47(2):299-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. De Franceschi L, Tomelleri C, Matte A, Brunati AM, Bovee-Geurts PH, Bertoldi M. Erythrocyte membrane changes of chorea-acanthocytosis are the result of altered Lyn kinase activity. Blood. 2011 Nov 17. 118(20):5652-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lupo F, Tibaldi E, Matte A, Sharma AK, Brunati AM, Alper SL, et al. A new molecular link between defective autophagy and erythroid abnormalities in chorea-acanthocytosis. Blood. 2016 Dec 22. 128 (25):2976-2987. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. De Franceschi L, Scardoni G, Tomelleri C, Danek A, Walker RH, Jung HH. Computational identification of phospho-tyrosine sub-networks related to acanthocyte generation in neuroacanthocytosis. PLoS One. 2012. 7(2):e31015. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Kanjanasut N, Jagota P, Bhidayasiri R. The first case report of neuroacanthocytosis in Thailand: utilization of a peripheral blood smear technique for detecting acanthocytes. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010 Jul. 112(6):541-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Man BL, Yuen YP, Yip SF, Ng SH. The first case report of McLeod syndrome in a Chinese patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. 2013:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Chakravarty A, Bhattacharya P, Banerjee D, Mukherjee S. Mcleod syndrome: Report of an Indian family with phenotypic heterogeneity. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2011 Jan. 14(1):53-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Troiano AR, Trevisol-Bittencourt PC. [Neuroacanthocytosis. A case report]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1999 Jun. 57(2B):489-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bird TD, Cederbaum S, Valey RW, Stahl WL. Familial degeneration of the basal ganglia with acanthocytosis: a clinical, neuropathological, and neurochemical study. Ann Neurol. 1978 Mar. 3(3):253-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Gross KB, Skrivanek JA, Carlson KC, Kaufman DM. Familial amyotrophic chorea with acanthocytosis. New clinical and laboratory investigations. Arch Neurol. 1985 Aug. 42(8):753-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Neutel D, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G, Silva I, de Carvalho M. Chorea-acanthocytosis presenting as motor neuron disease. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Feb. 45(2):293-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Orr HT. FTD and ALS: genetic ties that bind. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20. 72(2):189-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Jung HH, Haker H. Schizophrenia as a manifestation of X-linked Mcleod-Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 May. 65(5):722-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Bruneau MA, Lespérance P, Chouinard S. Schizophrenia-like presentation of neuroacanthocytosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003. 15(3):378-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Dotti MT, Battisti C, Malandrini A, et al. McLeod syndrome and neuroacanthocytosis with a novel mutation in the XK gene. Mov Disord. 2000 Nov. 15(6):1282-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nicholl DJ, Sutton I, Dotti MT, Supple SG, Danek A, Lawden M. White matter abnormalities on MRI in neuroacanthocytosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Aug. 75(8):1200-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Gradstein L, Danek A, Grafman J, Fitzgibbon EJ. Eye movements in chorea-acanthocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Jun. 46(6):1979-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. di Biase L, Munhoz RP. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016 Sep. 16 (9):1067-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Volkmann J. Is surgical treatment an option for chorea-acanthocytosis? In: Danek A, ed. Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. Springer. 2005.

33. Burbaud P. Deep brain stimulation in neuroacanthocytosis. Mov Disord. 2005. 20:1681-1682.

34. Beal MF, Hantraye P. Novel therapies in the search for a cure for Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 2. 98(1):3-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Robinson D, Smith M, Reddy R. Neuroacanthocytosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep. 161(9):1716. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Habermeyer B, Fuhr P. Obsessive-compulsive disorders due to neuroacanthocytosis treated with citalopram. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007 Mar. 40(2):87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Vázquez MJ, Martínez MC. Electroconvulsive Therapy in Neuroacanthocytosis or McLeod Syndrome. J ECT. 2008 Nov 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Akamatsu K, Sakaue H, Tada K, et al. A case report of abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome)--the first case in Japan. Jpn J Med. 1983 Aug. 22(3):231-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Al-Asmi A, Jansen AC, Badhwar A, et al. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy as a presenting feature of choreoacanthocytosis. Epilepsia. 2005 Aug. 46(8):1256-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Alonso ME, Teixeira F, Jimenez G, Escobar A. Chorea-acanthocytosis: report of a family and neuropathological study of two cases. Can J Neurol Sci. 1989 Nov. 16(4):426-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Andermann E, Jansen A, Andermann F. French-Canadian chorea-acanthocytosis. Mov Disord. 2005. 20:1678.

42. Arimura H, Kuriyama M, Higuchi I, et al. [Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis with chronic hemolytic anemia and morphologically abnormal erythrocytes]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1995 Jan. 35(1):29-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Bansal I, Jeon HR, Hui SR, Calhoun BW, Manning DW, Kelly TJ. Transfusion support for a patient with McLeod phenotype without chronic granulomatous disease and with antibodies to Kx and Km. Vox Sang. 2008 Apr. 94(3):216-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Beal MF. In: Danek A, ed. Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. Springer; 2005.

45. Bharucha EP, Bharucha NE. Choreo-acanthocytosis. J Neurol Sci. 1989 Feb. 89(2-3):135-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Bostantjopoulou S, Katsarou Z, Kazis A, Vadikolia C. Neuroacanthocytosis presenting as parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2000 Nov. 15(6):1271-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Bramanti P, Ricci RM, Candela L, et al. Sleep spindles in amyotrophic chorea-acanthocytosis disease. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1987 Jun. 9(3):191-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Burbaud P, Rougier A, Ferrer X, et al. Improvement of severe trunk spasms by bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the motor thalamus in a patient with chorea-acanthocytosis. Mov Disord. 2002 Jan. 17(1):204-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Burbaud P, Vital A, Rougier A, et al. Minimal tissue damage after stimulation of the motor thalamus in a case of chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurology. 2002 Dec 24. 59(12):1982-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Cavalli G, de Gregorio C, Nicosia S, et al. [Cardiac involvement in familial amytrophic chorea with acantocytosis: description of two new clinical cases]. Ann Ital Med Int. 1995 Oct-Dec. 10(4):249-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Chorea-acanthocytosis: report of two Brazilian cases.

52. Clapéron A, Hattab C, Armand V, Trottier S, Bertrand O, Ouimet T. The Kell and XK proteins of the Kell blood group are not co-expressed in the central nervous system. Brain Res. 2007 May 25. 1147:12-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Danek A, Dobson-Stone C, Velayos-Baeza A. The phenotype of chorea-acanthocytosis: a review of 106 patients with VPS13A mutations. Mov Disord. 2005. 20:1678.

54. Danek A, Jung HH, Melone MA, et al. Neuroacanthocytosis: new developments in a neglected group of dementing disorders. J Neurol Sci. 2005 Mar 15. 229-230:171-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Danek A, Uttner I, Vogl T, et al. Cerebral involvement in McLeod syndrome. Neurology. 1994 Jan. 44(1):117-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Dobson-Stone C. The spectrum of mutations and possible function of the CHAC gene In: Danek A, ed. Neuoracanthocytosis Syndromes. Springer. 2005.

57. Faillace RT, Kingston WJ, Nanda NC, Griggs RC. Cardiomyopathy associated with the syndrome of amyotrophic chorea and acanthocytosis. Ann Intern Med. 1982 May. 96(5):616-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Ferrer X, Julien J, Vital C, et al. [Choreo-acanthocytosis]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1990. 146(12):739-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Gil-Nagel A, Morlan L, Balseiro J, et al. [Neuro-acanthocytosis with associated myopathy. A case report]. Neurologia. 1994 Apr. 9(4):165-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Gross KB, Skrivanek JA, Emeson EE. Ganglioside abnormality in amyotrophic chorea with acanthocytosis. Lancet. 1982 Oct 2. 2(8301):772. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Halliday W. The nosology of Hallervorden-spatz disease. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Dec. 134 Suppl:84-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Hardie RJ. Acanthocytosis and neurological impairment--a review. Q J Med. 1989 Apr. 71(264):291-306. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Hardie RJ, Pullon HW, Harding AE, et al. Neuroacanthocytosis. A clinical, haematological and pathological study of 19 cases. Brain. 1991 Feb. 114 ( Pt 1A):13-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Hashimoto T, Nakadai A, Fujimori N, Yanagisawa N. [A case of "chorea with acanthocytosis and neuropathy" (chorea-acanthocytosis) with parkinsonism without areflexia]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1987 Jan. 27(1):88-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Hewer E, Danek A, Schoser BG, Miranda M, Reichard R, Castiglioni C. McLeod myopathy revisited: more neurogenic and less benign. Brain. 2007 Dec. 130(Pt 12):3285-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Higgins JJ, Patterson MC, Papadopoulos NM, et al. Hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration (HARP syndrome). Neurology. 1992 Jan. 42(1):194-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Hirayama M, Hamano T, Shiratori M, et al. Chorea-acanthocytosis with polyclonal antibodies to ganglioside GM1. J Neurol Sci. 1997 Oct 3. 151(1):23-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Iwata M, Fuse S, Sakuta M, Toyokura Y. Neuropathological study of chorea-acanthocytosis. Jpn J Med. 1984 May. 23(2):118-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Katsube T, Shimono T, Ashikaga R, Hosono M, Kitagaki H, Murakami T. Demonstration of Cerebellar Atrophy in Neuroacanthocytosis of 2 Siblings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008 Oct 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Kohler B. [Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome with acanthocytosis]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1989 Sep. 137(9):616-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Kurano Y, Nakamura M, Ichiba M, Matsuda M, Mizuno E, Kato M. Chorein deficiency leads to upregulation of gephyrin and GABA(A) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Dec 15. 351(2):438-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Kuroiwa Y, Ohnishi A, Sato Y, Kanazawa I. Chorea acanthocytosis: clinical pathological and biochemical aspects. Int J Neurol. 1984. 18:64-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Kutcher JS, Kahn MJ, Andersson HC, Foundas AL. Neuroacanthocytosis masquerading as Huntington's disease: CT/MRI findings. J Neuroimaging. 1999 Jul. 9(3):187-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Larget-Piet L, Pouplard F. [Ataxia-areflexia-familial steatorrhea without abetalipoproteinemia or acanthocytosis]. J Genet Hum. 1981 Sep. 29(3):249-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Limos LC, Ohnishi A, Sakai T, et al. "Myopathic" changes in chorea-acanthocytosis. Clinical and histopathological studies. J Neurol Sci. 1982 Jul. 55(1):49-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Lin FC, Wei LJ, Shih PY. Effect of levetiracetam on truncal tic in neuroacanthocytosis. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2006 Mar. 15(1):38-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Luckenbach MW, Green WR, Miller NR, et al. Ocular clinicopathologic correlation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome with acanthocytosis and pigmentary retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983 Mar. 95(3):369-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Lupo I, Aragona F, Fierro B, et al. Choreo-acanthocytosis with myopathy. Report of a case. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1987 Oct-Dec. 9(5-6):334-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Malandrini A, Fabrizi GM, Truschi F, et al. Atypical McLeod syndrome manifested as X-linked chorea-acanthocytosis, neuromyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy: report of a family. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Jun. 124(1):89-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Marson AM, Bucciantini E, Gentile E, Geda C. Neuroacanthocytosis: clinical, radiological, and neurophysiological findings in an Italian family. Neurol Sci. 2003 Oct. 24(3):188-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Miranda M, Campero M, Tenhamm E, Villagra R. [Neuroacanthocytosis: report of 3 cases]. Rev Med Chil. 1993 Feb. 121(2):176-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Miranda M, Castiglioni C, Frey BM, Hergersberg M, Danek A, Jung HH. Phenotypic variability of a distinct deletion in McLeod syndrome. Mov Disord. 2007 Jul 15. 22(9):1358-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Mukoyama M, Kazui H, Sunohara N, et al. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes with acanthocytosis: a clinicopathological study of a unique case. J Neurol. 1986 Aug. 233(4):228-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Müller-Vahl KR, Berding G, Emrich HM, Peschel T. Chorea-acanthocytosis in monozygotic twins: clinical findings and neuropathological changes as detected by diffusion tensor imaging, FDG-PET and (123)I-beta-CIT-SPECT. J Neurol. 2007 Aug. 254(8):1081-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Nielsen SM, Temlett JA. Neuro-acanthocytosis--a rare cause of chorea. S Afr Med J. 1997 Jul. 87(7):897-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Nihashi H, Yoshida M. [Cognitive function in patients with parkinsonism--in relationship with frontal lobe symptoms]. No To Shinkei. 1988 Mar. 40(3):261-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Oechslin E, Kaup D, Jenni R, Jung HH. Cardiac abnormalities in McLeod syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Nov 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Oechsner M, Buchert R, Beyer W, Danek A. Reduction of striatal glucose metabolism in McLeod choreoacanthocytosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Apr. 70(4):517-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

89. Ogawa T, Seki H, Okita N, et al. [A case of chorea-acanthocytosis associated with low glycohemoglobin A1c]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1993 Mar. 33(3):344-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Ohnishi A, Sato Y, Nagara H, et al. Neurogenic muscular atrophy and low density of large myelinated fibres of sural nerve in chorea-acanthocytosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981 Jul. 44(7):645-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Orlacchio A, Calabresi P, Rum A, Tarzia A, Salvati AM, Kawarai T, et al. Neuroacanthocytosis associated with a defect of the 4.1R membrane protein. BMC Neurol. 2007 Feb 13. 7:4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Orrell RW, Amrolia PJ, Heald A, et al. Acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration: a report of three patients, including the second reported case with hypoprebetalipoproteinemia (HARP syndrome). Neurology. 1995 Mar. 45(3 Pt 1):487-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Parhofer KG, Richter WO, Stiess W, Schwandt P. [Acanthocytosis, short stature and disordered deep sensation in a 26-year-old patient]. Internist (Berl). 1989 Jun. 30(6):382-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Pisani A, Diomedi M, Rum A, Cianciulli P, Floris R, Orlacchio A, et al. Acanthocytosis as a predisposing factor for non-ketotic hyperglycaemia induced chorea-ballism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Dec. 76(12):1717-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Rubio JP, Danek A, Stone C, et al. Chorea-acanthocytosis: genetic linkage to chromosome 9q21. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Oct. 61(4):899-908. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Ruiz-Sandoval JL, García-Navarro V, Chiquete E, Dobson-Stone C, Monaco AP, Alvarez-Palazuelos LE, et al. Choreoacanthocytosis in a Mexican family. Arch Neurol. 2007 Nov. 64(11):1661-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Saggese G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, et al. [Chronic granulomatous disease and McLeod phenotype. Description of a case]. Minerva Pediatr. 1990 Apr. 42(4):151-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Saiki S, Sakai K, Murata KY, Saiki M, Nakanishi M, Kitagawa Y, et al. Primary skeletal muscle involvement in chorea-acanthocytosis. Mov Disord. 2007 Apr 30. 22(6):848-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Sano A. [Hereditary chorea--update]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2004 Nov. 44(11):932-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Scheid R, Bader B, Ott DV, Merkenschlager A, Danek A. Development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurology. 2009 Oct 27. 73(17):1419-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Schneider SA, Aggarwal A, Bhatt M, Dupont E, Tisch S, Limousin P. Severe tongue protrusion dystonia: clinical syndromes and possible treatment. Neurology. 2006 Sep 26. 67(6):940-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Senda Y, Koike Y, Sugimura K, et al. [Chorea-acanthocytosis with catecholamine abnormality and orthostatic hypotension--a case report]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1987 Jul. 27(7):898-903. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Serra S, Arena A, Xerra A, et al. Amyotrophic choreoacanthocytosis: is it really a very rare disease?. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1986 Oct. 7(5):521-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Serra S, Xerra A, Arena A. Amyotrophic choreo-acanthocytosis: a new observation in southern Europe. Acta Neurol Scand. 1986 May. 73(5):481-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Shah JR, Patkar DP, Kamat RN. A case of McLeod phenotype of neuroacanthocytosis brain MR features and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 2013 Feb. 26(1):21-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Sobue G, Mukai E, Fujii K, et al. Peripheral nerve involvement in familial chorea-acanthocytosis. J Neurol Sci. 1986 Dec. 76(2-3):347-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Sotaniemi KA. Chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurological disease with acanthocytosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1983 Jul. 68(1):53-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Spencer SE, Walker FO, Moore SA. Chorea-amyotrophy with chronic hemolytic anemia: a variant of chorea-amyotrophy with acanthocytosis. Neurology. 1987 Apr. 37(4):645-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Spitz MC, Jankovic J, Killian JM. Familial tic disorder, parkinsonism, motor neuron disease, and acanthocytosis: a new syndrome. Neurology. 1985 Mar. 35(3):366-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Sugihara R, Ueyama H, Fujimoto S, et al. [A case of McLeod syndrome]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1998 Oct-Nov. 38(10-11):915-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Swash M, Schwartz MS, Carter ND, et al. Benign X-linked myopathy with acanthocytes (McLeod syndrome). Its relationship to X-linked muscular dystrophy. Brain. 1983 Sep. 106 (Pt 3):717-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Takahashi Y, Kojima T, Atsumi Y, et al. [Case of chorea-acanthocytosis with various psychotic symptoms]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 1983. 85(8):457-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Takashima H, Sakai T, Iwashita H, et al. A family of McLeod syndrome, masquerading as chorea-acanthocytosis. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Jun. 124(1):56-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Terao S, Sobue G, Takahashi M, et al. [Disturbance of hypothalamic-pituitary hormone secretion in familial chorea-acanthocytosis]. No To Shinkei. 1995 Jan. 47(1):57-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Tiftikcioglu BI, Dericioglu N, Saygi S. Focal seizures originating from the left temporal lobe in a case with chorea-acanthocytosis. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2006 Jan. 37(1):46-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Tiftikcioglu BI, Dericioglu N, Saygi S. Focal seizures originating from the left temporal lobe in a case with chorea-acanthocytosis. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2006 Jan. 37(1):46-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Tsai CH, Chen RS, Chang HC, et al. Acanthocytosis and spinocerebellar degeneration: a new association?. Mov Disord. 1997 May. 12(3):456-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Tschopp L, Raina G, Salazar Z, Micheli F. Neuroacanthocytosis and carbamazepine responsive paroxysmal dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008. 14(5):440-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Villegas A, Moscat J, Vazquez A, et al. A new family with hereditary choreo-acanthocytosis. Acta Haematol. 1987. 77(4):215-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Walker RH, Danek A, Dobson-Stone C, et al. Developments in neuroacanthocytosis: expanding the spectrum of choreatic syndromes. Mov Disord. 2006 Nov. 21(11):1794-805. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. The differential diagnosis of chorea. Pract Neurol. 2007 Nov. 7(6):360-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Witt TN, Danek A, Reiter M, et al. McLeod syndrome: a distinct form of neuroacanthocytosis. Report of two cases and literature review with emphasis on neuromuscular manifestations. J Neurol. 1992 Jul. 239(6):302-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

123. Woodruff RK, Wiley JS, Bell WR, et al. Acanthocytosis and haemolytic anaemia due to the McLeod blood group. Aust N Z J Med. 1981 Apr. 11(2):184-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

124. Zyskowski LP, Bunch TW, Hoagland HC, et al. Mcleod syndrome (hemolysis, acanthocytosis, and increased serum creatine kinase): potential confusion with polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Jun. 26(6):806-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Kenneth B V Gross, MD Founder, Owner, Fusion Clinical Multimedia, Inc, Division of Neurology, Fusion Clinical Multimedia Educational Center

Kenneth B V Gross, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, CPE, MHCM, FAAPL Co-Founder and Former Chief Publishing Officer, eMedicine and eMedicine Health, Founding Editor-in-Chief, eMedicine Neurology; Founder and Former Chairman and CEO, Pearlsreview; Founder and CEO/CMO, PHLT Consultants; Former Chief Medical Officer, MeMD Inc

Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, CPE, MHCM, FAAPL is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Association for Physician Leadership

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Nestor Galvez-Jimenez, MD, MSc, MHA The Pauline M Braathen Endowed Chair in Neurology, Chairman, Department of Neurology, Program Director, Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Division of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida

Nestor Galvez-Jimenez, MD, MSc, MHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American College of Physicians, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Selim R Benbadis, MD Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Bioserenity, Ceribell, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, Neuropace, SK life science, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Aquestive, Bioserenity, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, SK life science, Stratus, Sunovion, UCB<br/>Received research grant from: Cerevel Therapeutics, Ovid Therapeutics, Neuropace, Greenwich Jazz, SK Life Science, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Marinus, Neuroelectrics Corporation, Longboard, Janssen, Equilibre Biopharmaceuticals.

Roberta J Seidman, MD Associate Professor of Pathology, Director of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook Medicine

Roberta J Seidman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuropathologists, New York Association of Neuropathologists (The Neuroplex)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article