Further Outpatient Care

See the list below:

Postoperative
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

Further Inpatient Care

See the list below:

Postoperative
Chemotherapy

Complications

See the list below:

Postoperative complications
- Cranial nerve palsy
- Meningitis
- Paralysis
- Cognitive dysfunction
Carcinomatous meningitis
Wound infection
Immunosuppression due to chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Recurrence
Metastasis

Prognosis

See the list below:

Osteosarcoma has a 5-year survival rate between 20% and 50%.
Chondrosarcoma has a 10-year survival rate of 30-80%, depending on the grade of the initial tumor.
Fibrosarcomas metastasize in 50% of cases, and the 10-year survival rate is 40%.
Ewing sarcoma has a 5-year survival rate of 40-65%.
Giant cell tumor has a recurrence rate of 30% in 2 years, but otherwise its prognosis is relatively good.
Angiosarcomas, if properly treated, have a cure rate of about 50%.
Chordomas, although difficult to resect completely, are slow-growing tumors and have a 5-year survival rate of 40%.
Myeloma survival rates vary depending on the grade. However, even in patients with widespread disease, complete remission can be achieved for up to 2-3 years (or longer).

Patient Education

See the list below:

The lesion should be identified and treated promptly.
If required, patients should be referred for psychological counseling.

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Media Gallery

Head CT scan of a 60-year-old man with a history of multiple myeloma for 2 years, showing multiple lytic lesions that involve both the inner and outer tables as well as the diploë.
This head CT scan shows multiple lytic lesions of the skull involving both the inner and outer tables.

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Author

Draga Jichici, MD, FRCPC, FAHA Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurology, Co-Director, Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Co-Director, Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University School of Medicine, Canada

Draga Jichici, MD, FRCPC, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, Canadian Critical Care Society, Canadian Medical Protective Association, Canadian Neurocritical Care Society, Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation, Neurocritical Care Society, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Jorge C Kattah, MD Head, Associate Program Director, Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria

Jorge C Kattah, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Stephen L Nelson, Jr, MD, PhD, FAACPDM, FAAN, FAAP, FANA Professor of Pediatrics, Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Medical Director, Tulane Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Tulane University School of Medicine; Pediatric Neurologist and Epileptologist, Ochsner Hospital for Children; Professor of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine

Stephen L Nelson, Jr, MD, PhD, FAACPDM, FAAN, FAAP, FANA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, The Society of Federal Health Professionals (AMSUS), Child Neurology Society, Southern Pediatric Neurology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Spiros Manolidis, MD Associate Professor of Otolaryngology and Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Spiros Manolidis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Auditory Society, American Head and Neck Society, American Medical Association, Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Efstathios Papavassiliou, MD to the development and writing of this article.