Adrenal Crisis Questions & Answers

1. Loriaux DL, Fleseriu M. Relative adrenal insufficiency. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009 Aug 3. [Medline].

2. White K, Arlt W. Adrenal crisis in treated Addison's disease: a predictable but under-managed event. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Jan. 162(1):115-20. [Medline].

3. Arlt W. The approach to the adult with newly diagnosed adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr. 94(4):1059-67. [Medline].

4. Hahner S, Allolio B. Therapeutic management of adrenal insufficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr. 23(2):167-79. [Medline].

5. Dineen R, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M. Adrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2019. 10:2042018819848218. [Medline].

6. Elshimy G, Alghoula F, Jeong JM. Adrenal Crisis. StatPearls. 2020 Jan. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Hahner S, Loeffler M, Bleicken B, et al. Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: the need for new prevention strategies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Mar. 162(3):597-602. [Medline].

8. Smans LC, Van der Valk ES, Hermus AR, Zelissen PM. Incidence of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Jan. 84 (1):17-22. [Medline].

9. Iwasaku M, Shinzawa M, Tanaka S, Kimachi K, Kawakami K. Clinical characteristics of adrenal crisis in adult population with and without predisposing chronic adrenal insufficiency: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017 Sep 11. 17 (1):58. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21. 288(7):862-71. [Medline]. [Full Text].

11. Notter A, Jenni S, Christ E. Evaluation of the frequency of adrenal crises and preventive measures in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2018 Jan 29. 148:w14586. [Medline]. [Full Text].

12. Chabre O, Goichot B, Zenaty D, Bertherat J. Group 1. Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: Prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2017 Dec. 78 (6):490-4. [Medline].

13. Ono Y, Ono S, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Tanaka Y. Clinical features and practice patterns of treatment for adrenal crisis: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Mar. 176 (3):329-337. [Medline].

14. Weant KA, Sasaki-Adams D, Dziedzic K, et al. Acute relative adrenal insufficiency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2008 Oct. 63(4):645-9; discussion 649-50. [Medline].

15. Guillamondegui OD, Gunter OL, Patel S, et al. Acute adrenal insufficiency may affect outcome in the trauma patient. Am Surg. 2009 Apr. 75(4):287-90. [Medline].

16. Rushworth RL, Falhammar H, Munns CF, Maguire AM, Torpy DJ. Hospital Admission Patterns in Children with CAH: Admission Rates and Adrenal Crises Decline with Age. Int J Endocrinol. 2016. 2016:5748264. [Medline]. [Full Text].

17. [Guideline] Arlt W, Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee. SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients. Endocr Connect. 2016 Sep. 5 (5):G1-G3. [Medline]. [Full Text].

18. Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, et al. Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK. Anaesthesia. 2020 Feb 3. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Lisa Kirkland, MD, FACP, FCCM, MSHA Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic; Chair, Department of Critical Care, ANW Intensivists, Abbott Northwestern Hospital

Lisa Kirkland, MD, FACP, FCCM, MSHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Hospital Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David M Klachko, MD, MEd Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine

David M Klachko, MD, MEd is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Missouri State Medical Association, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Endocrine Society, Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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