Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Questions & Answers

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13. Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A, Simón-Sánchez J, Rollinson S, Gibbs JR, et al. A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20. 72(2):257-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Baker M, Rutherford NJ, et al. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20. 72(2):245-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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22. Ravits JM, La Spada AR. ALS motor phenotype heterogeneity, focality, and spread: deconstructing motor neuron degeneration. Neurology. 2009 Sep 8. 73(10):805-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Wijesekera LC, Mathers S, Talman P, Galtrey C, Parkinson MH, Ganesalingam J, et al. Natural history and clinical features of the flail arm and flail leg ALS variants. Neurology. 2009 Mar 24. 72(12):1087-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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28. Rothstein JD. Current hypotheses for the underlying biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2009 Jan. 65 Suppl 1:S3-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, Figlewicz DA, Sapp P, Hentati A, et al. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 1993 Mar 4. 362(6415):59-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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32. Mitsumoto H, Santella RM, Liu X, Bogdanov M, Zipprich J, Wu HC, et al. Oxidative stress biomarkers in sporadic ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2008 Jun. 9(3):177-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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36. Arai T, Hasegawa M, Akiyama H, et al. TDP-43 is a component of ubiquitin-positive tau-negative inclusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Dec 22. 351(3):602-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Tan CF, Eguchi H, Tagawa A, et al. TDP-43 immunoreactivity in neuronal inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with or without SOD1 gene mutation. Acta Neuropathol. 2007 May. 113(5):535-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Mackenzie IR, Bigio EH, Ince PG, et al. Pathological TDP-43 distinguishes sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with SOD1 mutations. Ann Neurol. 2007 May. 61(5):427-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Sreedharan J, Blair IP, Tripathi VB, et al. TDP-43 mutations in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science. 2008 Mar 21. 319(5870):1668-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kabashi E, Valdmanis PN, Dion P, et al. TARDBP mutations in individuals with sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Genet. 2008 May. 40(5):572-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Van Deerlin VM, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM, et al. TARDBP mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with TDP-43 neuropathology: a genetic and histopathological analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2008 May. 7(5):409-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Yokoseki A, Shiga A, Tan CF, et al. TDP-43 mutation in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2008 Apr. 63(4):538-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Rutherford NJ, Zhang YJ, Baker M, et al. Novel mutations in TARDBP (TDP-43) in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS Genet. 2008 Sep 19. 4(9):e1000193. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Del Bo R, Ghezzi S, Corti S, et al. TARDBP (TDP-43) sequence analysis in patients with familial and sporadic ALS: identification of two novel mutations. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Jun. 16(6):727-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Hasegawa M, Arai T, Akiyama H, et al. TDP-43 is deposited in the Guam parkinsonism-dementia complex brains. Brain. 2007 May. 130:1386-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Schwab C, Arai T, Hasegawa M, Akiyama H, Yu S, McGeer PL. TDP-43 pathology in familial British dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Mar 13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Geser F, Martinez-Lage M, Robinson J, et al. Clinical and pathological continuum of multisystem TDP-43 proteinopathies. Arch Neurol. 2009 Feb. 66(2):180-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Kwiatkowski TJ Jr, Bosco DA, Leclerc AL, et al. Mutations in the FUS/TLS gene on chromosome 16 cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science. 2009 Feb 27. 323(5918):1205-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Vance C, Rogelj B, Hortobagyi T, et al. Mutations in FUS, an RNA processing protein, cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 6. Science. 2009 Feb 27. 323(5918):1208-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Simpson CL, Lemmens R, Miskiewicz K, Broom WJ, Hansen VK, van Vught PW, et al. Variants of the elongator protein 3 (ELP3) gene are associated with motor neuron degeneration. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Feb 1. 18(3):472-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

51. Padhi AK, Kumar H, Vasaikar SV, Jayaram B, Gomes J. Mechanisms of loss of functions of human angiogenin variants implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2012. 7(2):e32479. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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53. Zu T, Liu Y, Bañez-Coronel M, Reid T, Pletnikova O, Lewis J, et al. RAN proteins and RNA foci from antisense transcripts in C9ORF72 ALS and frontotemporal dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Dec 17. 110 (51):E4968-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Armon C. An evidence-based medicine approach to the evaluation of the role of exogenous risk factors in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2003 Jul-Aug. 22(4):217-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Armon C. Acquired nucleic acid changes may trigger sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2005 Sep. 32(3):373-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Armon C. Smoking may be considered an established risk factor for sporadic ALS. Neurology. November 17, 2009. 73 (20):1693-1698. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. de Jong SW, Huisman MH, Sutedja NA, van der Kooi AJ, de Visser M, Schelhaas HJ, et al. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Aug 1. 176(3):233-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Esclaire F, Kisby G, Spencer P, Milne J, Lesort M, Hugon J. The Guam cycad toxin methylazoxymethanol damages neuronal DNA and modulates tau mRNA expression and excitotoxicity. Exp Neurol. 1999 Jan. 155(1):11-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Kisby GE, Standley M, Park T, et al. Proteomic analysis of the genotoxicant methylazoxymethanol (MAM)-induced changes in the developing cerebellum. J Proteome Res. 2006 Oct. 5(10):2656-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Ravits J, Paul P, Jorg C. Focality of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration at the clinical onset of ALS. Neurology. 2007 May 8. 68(19):1571-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Körner S, Kollewe K, Fahlbusch M, et al. Onset and spreading patterns of upper and lower motor neuron symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2011 May. 43(5):636-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Armon C. From clues to mechanisms: understanding ALS initiation and spread. Neurology. 2008 Sep 16. 71(12):872-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Frank SA. Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Somatic evolutionary genomics: mutations during development cause highly variable genetic mosaicism with risk of cancer and neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 26. 107 Suppl 1:1725-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Al-Chalabi A, Calvo A, Chio A, Colville S, Ellis CM, et al. Analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a multistep process: a population-based modelling study. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Nov. 13 (11):1108-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Baker M, Rutherford NJ, et al. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20. 72(2):245-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A, Simón-Sánchez J, Rollinson S, Gibbs JR, et al. A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20. 72(2):257-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Cooper-Knock J, Hewitt C, Highley JR, Brockington A, Milano A, Man S, et al. Clinico-pathological features in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with expansions in C9ORF72. Brain. 2012 Mar. 135:751-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

68. Chiò A, Borghero G, Restagno G, Mora G, Drepper C, Traynor BJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carrying the pathogenic GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9ORF72. Brain. 2012 Mar. 135:784-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Byrne S, Elamin M, Bede P, Shatunov A, Walsh C, Corr B, et al. Cognitive and clinical characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carrying a C9orf72 repeat expansion: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Mar. 11(3):232-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Stewart H, Rutherford NJ, Briemberg H, Krieger C, Cashman N, Fabros M, et al. Clinical and pathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by mutation in the C9ORF72 gene on chromosome 9p. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Mar. 123(3):409-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

71. Wijesekera LC, Mathers S, Talman P, Galtrey C, Parkinson MH, Ganesalingam J, et al. Natural history and clinical features of the flail arm and flail leg ALS variants. Neurology. 2009 Mar 24. 72(12):1087-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Al-Chalabi A, Lewis CM. Modelling the effects of penetrance and family size on rates of sporadic and familial disease. Hum Hered. 2011. 71(4):281-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Hanby MF, Scott KM, Scotton W, Wijesekera L, Mole T, Ellis CE, et al. The risk to relatives of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain. 2011 Dec. 134:3454-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. Pasinelli P, Brown RH. Molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from genetics. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Sep. 7(9):710-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Fogh I, Rijsdijk F, Andersen PM, Sham PC, Knight J, Neale B, et al. Age at onset in sod1-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows familiality. Neurogenetics. 2007 Aug. 8(3):235-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Ahmeti KB, Ajroud-Driss S, Al-Chalabi A, Andersen PM, Armstrong J, et al. The Algen Consortium. Age of onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is modulated by a locus on 1p34.1. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Jan. 34(1):357.e7-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Andersen PM, Al-Chalabi A. Clinical genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: what do we really know?. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011 Oct 11. 7(11):603-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Ferraiuolo L, Kirby J, Grierson AJ, Sendtner M, Shaw PJ. Molecular pathways of motor neuron injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011 Nov. 7(11):616-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Wu CH, Fallini C, Ticozzi N, Keagle PJ, Sapp PC, Piotrowska K, et al. Mutations in the profilin 1 gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 2012 Aug 23. 488(7412):499-503. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Andersen PM. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetics with Mendelian inheritance. Brown RH Jr, Swash M and Pasinelli P, eds. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 2nd edition. Informa healthcare; 2006. 187-207.

81. Saeed M, Yang Y, Deng HX, et al. Age and founder effect of SOD1 A4V mutation causing ALS. Neurology. 2009 May 12. 72(19):1634-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Saito Y, Yokota T, Mitani T, et al. Transgenic small interfering RNA halts amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a mouse model. J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 30. 280(52):42826-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Al-Chalabi A, Jones A, Troakes C, King A, Al-Sarraj S, van den Berg LH. The genetics and neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Sep. 124(3):339-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Arai T, Mackenzie IR, Hasegawa M, et al. Phosphorylated TDP-43 in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Feb. 117(2):125-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Morita M, Al-Chalabi A, Andersen PM, Hosler B, Sapp P, Englund E, et al. A locus on chromosome 9p confers susceptibility to ALS and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2006 Mar 28. 66(6):839-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Vance C, Al-Chalabi A, Ruddy D, Smith BN, Hu X, Sreedharan J, et al. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal dementia is linked to a locus on chromosome 9p13.2-21.3. Brain. 2006 Apr. 129:868-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. van Es MA, Veldink JH, Saris CG, Blauw HM, van Vught PW, Birve A, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 19p13.3 (UNC13A) and 9p21.2 as susceptibility loci for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Genet. 2009 Oct. 41(10):1083-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Shatunov A, Mok K, Newhouse S, Weale ME, Smith B, Vance C. Chromosome 9p21 in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the UK and seven other countries: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Oct. 9(10):986-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Laaksovirta H, Peuralinna T, Schymick JC, Scholz SW, Lai SL, Myllykangas L. Chromosome 9p21 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Oct. 9(10):978-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Smith BN, Newhouse S, Shatunov A, Vance C, Topp S, Johnson L, et al. The C9ORF72 expansion mutation is a common cause of ALS+/-FTD in Europe and has a single founder. Eur J Hum Genet. 2013 Jan. 21(1):102-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

91. Al-Sarraj S, King A, Troakes C, Smith B, Maekawa S, Bodi I, et al. p62 positive, TDP-43 negative, neuronal cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in the cerebellum and hippocampus define the pathology of C9orf72-linked FTLD and MND/ALS. Acta Neuropathol. 2011 Dec. 122(6):691-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Deng HX, Chen W, Hong ST, Boycott KM, Gorrie GH, Siddique N, et al. Mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant X-linked juvenile and adult-onset ALS and ALS/dementia. Nature. 2011 Aug 21. 477(7363):211-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

93. Majoor-Krakauer D, Ottman R, Johnson WG, Rowland LP. Familial aggregation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementia, and Parkinson's disease: evidence of shared genetic susceptibility. Neurology. 1994 Oct. 44(10):1872-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Fallis BA, Hardiman O. Aggregation of neurodegenerative disease in ALS kindreds. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009 Apr. 10(2):95-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Cruz DC, Nelson LM, McGuire V, Longstreth WT Jr. Physical trauma and family history of neurodegenerative diseases in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based case-control study. Neuroepidemiology. 1999. 18(2):101-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Nelson LM, McGuire V, Longstreth WT Jr, Matkin C. Population-based case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in western Washington State. I. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Jan 15. 151(2):156-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, Shefner JM, Sandler DP. Association of cigarette smoking with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 1999. 18(4):194-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Gallo V, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Vermeulen R, Andersen PM, Kyrozis A, Linseisen J. Smoking and risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: analysis of the EPIC cohort. Ann Neurol. 2009 Apr. 65(4):378-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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100. Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly EJ, McCullough ML, et al. Prospective study of military service and mortality from ALS. Neurology. 2005 Jan 11. 64(1):32-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Horner RD, Kamins KG, Feussner JR, et al. Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans. Neurology. 2003 Sep 23. 61(6):742-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Armon C. Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23. 62(6):1027; author reply 1027-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Armon C. Excess incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans. Neurology. 2004 Nov 23. 63(10):1986-7; author reply 1986-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Coffman CJ, Horner RD, Grambow SC, Lindquist J. Estimating the occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War (1990-1991) veterans using capture-recapture methods. Neuroepidemiology. 2005. 24(3):141-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Horner RD, Grambow SC, Coffman CJ, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among 1991 Gulf War veterans: evidence for a time-limited outbreak. Neuroepidemiology. 2008. 31(1):28-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Barth SK, Kang HK, Bullman TA, Wallin MT. Neurological mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 13-year follow-up. Am J Ind Med. 2009 Sep. 52(9):663-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Sutedja NA, Veldink JH, Fischer K, Kromhout H, Heederik D, Huisman MH, et al. Exposure to chemicals and metals and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009 Oct-Dec. 10(5-6):302-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Popat RA, Van Den Eeden SK, Tanner CM, et al. Effect of reproductive factors and postmenopausal hormone use on the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2006. 27(3):117-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Beghi E, Logroscino G, Chiò A, Hardiman O, Millul A, Mitchell D, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, physical exercise, trauma and sports: results of a population-based pilot case-control study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2010 May 3. 11(3):289-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

110. Chiò A, Benzi G, Dossena M, Mutani R, Mora G. Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players. Brain. 2005 Mar. 128:472-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Belli S, Vanacore N. Proportionate mortality of Italian soccer players: is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis an occupational disease?. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005. 20(3):237-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Armon C. Sports and trauma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis revisited. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Nov 15. 262(1-2):45-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Chio A, Traynor BJ, Swingler R, eet al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and soccer: a different epidemiological approach strengthen the previous findings. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jun 15. 269(1-2):187-8; author reply 188-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Belli S, Vanacore N. Sports and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jun 15. 269(1-2):191; author reply 191-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Armon C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and soccer: a different epidemiological approach strengthen the previous findings. J Neurol Sci. 2008. 269:188-189 (author reply).

116. Armon C. Response to Belli and Vanacore. J Neurol Sci. 2008. 269:191192 (author reply).

117. Chio A, Calvo A, Dossena M, Ghiglione P, Mutani R, Mora G. ALS in Italian professional soccer players: the risk is still present and could be soccer-specific. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009 Aug. 10(4):205-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. McKee AC, Gavett BE, Stern RA, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC, Kowall NW, et al. TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010 Sep. 69(9):918-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

119. Appel SH, Cwik VA, Day JW. Trauma, TDP-43, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2010 Dec. 42(6):851-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Carmel Armon, MD, MSc, MHS Chair, Department of Neurology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Israel

Carmel Armon, MD, MSc, MHS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American College of Physicians, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, American Stroke Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Received research grant from: Neuronix Ltd, Yoqnea'm, Israel<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: JNS - Associate Editor. UpToDate - Author Royalties.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, CPE, MHCM, FAAPL Co-Founder and Former Chief Publishing Officer, eMedicine and eMedicine Health, Founding Editor-in-Chief, eMedicine Neurology; Founder and Former Chairman and CEO, Pearlsreview; Founder and CEO/CMO, PHLT Consultants; Former Chief Medical Officer, MeMD Inc

Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, CPE, MHCM, FAAPL is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Association for Physician Leadership

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Neil A Busis, MD Chief, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Head, Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Shadyside

Neil A Busis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology and American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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