Endocrine Myopathies Differential Diagnoses

1. Minetto MA, Lanfranco F, Motta G, Allasia S, Arvat E, D'Antona G. Steroid myopathy: some unresolved issues. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011 May. 34(5):370-5. [Medline].

2. Lin SH, Huang CL. Mechanism of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jun. 23(6):985-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Costa RM, Dumitrascu OM, Gordon LK. Orbital myositis: diagnosis and management. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009 Jul. 9(4):316-23. [Medline].

4. Rodolico C, Toscano A, Benvenga S, et al. Myopathy as the persistently isolated symptomatology of primary autoimmune hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 1998 Nov. 8(11):1033-8. [Medline].

5. Imrich R, Bosak V, Rovensky J. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: the endocrine relations and the pathogenesis. Review. Endocr Regul. 2006 Sep. 40(3):83-9. [Medline].

6. Mathew V, Misgar RA, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay P, Roychowdhury P, Pandit K, et al. Myxedema coma: a new look into an old crisis. J Thyroid Res. 2011. 2011:493462. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, Newell-Price J, Biller BM, Colao A. Complications of Cushing's syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Jul. 4 (7):611-29. [Medline].

8. Sindoni A, Rodolico C, Pappalardo MA, Portaro S, Benvenga S. Hypothyroid myopathy: A peculiar clinical presentation of thyroid failure. Review of the literature. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016 Dec. 17 (4):499-519. [Medline].

9. Siafakas NM, Alexopoulou C, Bouros D. Respiratory muscle function in endocrine diseases. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1999 Apr. 54(2):154-9. [Medline].

10. Romeo V. Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 or Steinert's disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012. 724:239-57. [Medline].

11. Li Cavoli G, Mulè G, Rotolo U. Renal involvement in psychological eating disorders. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011. 119(4):c338-41; discussion c341. [Medline].

12. Nilsson MI, Nissar AA, Al-Sajee D, Tarnopolsky MA, Parise G, Lach B, et al. Xin is a marker of skeletal muscle damage severity in myopathies. Am J Pathol. 2013 Dec. 183(6):1703-9. [Medline].

13. al-Lozi MT, Pestronk A, Lee WC, et al. Rapidly evolving myopathy with myosin-deficient muscle fibers. Ann Neurology. 1994 Mar. 35(3):257-9. [Medline].

14. Aminoff MJ. Electromyography in Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone; 1998.

15. Benvenga S, Toscano A, Rodolico C, et al. Endocrine evaluation for muscle pain. J R Soc Med. 2001 Aug. 94(8):405-7. [Medline].

16. Engel AG. Electron microscopic observations in primary hypokalemic and thyrotoxic periodic paralyses. Mayo Clin Proc. 1966 Nov. 41(11):797-808. [Medline].

17. Engel AG, Fransini-Armstrong C. Endocrine myopathies. In: Myology. Vol 2. McGraw-Hill. 1994:1726-47.

18. Engel AG, Fransini-Armstrong C, eds. Endocrine myopathies. In: Myology. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill. 1994.

19. Fenichel GM. Clinical Pediatric Neurology: A Signs and Symptoms Approach. 2nd ed. WB Saunders Co. 1993.

20. Ghilardi G, Gonvers JJ, So A. Hypothyroid myopathy as a complication of interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol. 1998 Dec. 37(12):1349-51. [Medline].

21. Godby A, Bergstresser PR, Chaker B, Pandya AG. Fatal scleromyxedema: report of a case and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Feb. 38(2 Pt 2):289-94. [Medline].

22. Horak HA, Pourmand R. Endocrine myopathies. Neurol Clin. 2000 Feb. 18(1):203-13. [Medline].

23. Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T, Ogawa Y, Mizoi K, Murakami O. Clinico-pathological study of Cushing's disease with large pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Jun. 46(6):669-79. [Medline].

24. Mastaglia FL. Endocrine myopathies In: Skeletal Muscle Pathology. Churchill Livingstone. 1992.

25. Mastaglia FL. Endocrine myopathies. In: Lord Walton of Detchant, ed. Skeletal Muscle Pathology. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone. 1992:493-509.

26. McNab TL, Khandwala HM. Acromegaly as an endocrine form of myopathy: case report and review of literature. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb. 11(1):18-22. [Medline].

27. Ohkoshi N, Ishii A, Shiraiwa N, et al. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. J Med. 1998. 29(1-2):13-29. [Medline].

28. Perrot S, Le Jeunne C. [Steroid-induced myopathy]. Presse Med. 2012 Apr. 41(4):422-6. [Medline].

29. Poirier J, Gray F, Escourolle R. Manual of Basic Neuropathology. WB Saunders Co. 1990.

30. Pourmand R. Metabolic myopathies. A diagnostic evaluation. Neurol Clin. 2000 Feb. 18(1):1-13. [Medline].

31. Saguil A. Evaluation of the patient with muscle weakness. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Apr 1. 71(7):1327-36. [Medline].

32. Schapira AH, Griggs RC. Endocrine myopathies. In: Muscle Disease. Vol 6. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2000:181-92.

33. Soni M, Amato AA. Myopathic complications of medical disease. Semin Neurol. 2009 Apr. 29(2):163-80. [Medline].

34. Thakker RV, Newey PJ, Walls GV, Bilezikian J, Dralle H, Ebeling PR, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep. 97(9):2990-3011. [Medline].

35. Van Linthoudt D, Schumacher HR Jr, Algeo S, et al. Scleromyxedema with myopathy and hyperthyroidism. J Rheumatol. 1996 Jul. 23(7):1299-301. [Medline].

36. Vantyghem MC, Dobbelaere D, Mention K, Wemeau JL, Saudubray JM, Douillard C. Endocrine manifestations related to inherited metabolic diseases in adults. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012 Jan 28. 7:11. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Wayne E Anderson, DO, FAHS, FAAN Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine/Neurology, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences; Clinical Faculty in Family Medicine, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Departments of Neurology and Pain Management, California Pacific Medical Center

Wayne E Anderson, DO, FAHS, FAAN is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Headache Society, California Medical Association, California Neurology Society, International Headache Society, San Francisco Medical Society, San Francisco Neurological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Neil A Busis, MD Chief of Neurology and Director of Neurodiagnostic Laboratory, UPMC Shadyside; Clinical Professor of Neurology and Director of Community Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Physicians

Neil A Busis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: American Academy of Neurology<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: American Academy of Neurology<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: American Academy of Neurology.

Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, MHA, CPE Founding Editor-in-Chief, eMedicine Neurology; Founder and CEO/CMO, PHLT Consultants; Chief Medical Officer, MeMD Inc

Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, MHA, CPE is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Physician Leadership, American Academy of Neurology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dianna Quan, MD Professor of Neurology, Director of Electromyography Laboratory, University of Colorado School of Medicine

Dianna Quan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Neurological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Ling Xu, MD to the development and writing of this article.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article