Further Inpatient Care
An attempt should be made to classify all nerve injuries according to the completeness of the injury and the predominant pathophysiologic process involved: however, recognize that individual fascicles can be affected differently.
The results of nerve conduction studies may be difficult to interpret during the first 10 days after nerve injury until the effects of wallerian degeneration have had a chance to fully evolve in both motor and sensory fibers.
The best measure of axonal loss is the amplitude of the evoked CMAP response (compared to the other side) in a weak muscle from nerve stimulation distal to the injury site at least 7 days after the injury.
The density of denervation potentials in weak muscles is a poor measure of axonal loss. Denervation potentials may be absent for as long as 14-21 days after nerve injuries with severe axonal loss. Denervation potentials may be "profuse" in mixed injuries, even if the predominant pathophysiologic process is neurapraxia.
The presence of voluntary motor unit potentials in a clinically paralyzed muscle indicates that the nerve injury is partial, even if the distal CMAP response is absent.
Intraoperative nerve conduction testing often is required to differentiate axonotmesis from neurotmesis in closed nerve injuries that appear continuous. However, beware of "super normal" NAPs with more proximal nerve root avulsions.
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Large-amplitude compound muscle action potential (CMAP) response was recorded from the right biceps muscle after intraoperative direct bipolar stimulation of the proximal right musculocutaneous nerve at low stimulus intensities (3.9 mA). The time base shown is 10 milliseconds/div and the gain is 50 mcV/div.
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Electrodiagnostic testing 1 day after the injury revealed the following: (Left) Right ulnar motor conduction study showed a normal distal amplitude with conduction block across the elbow segment (gain = 2 mV/div, time base = 2 milliseconds [ms]/div). (Second from left) Right ulnar sensory response was normal (gain = 20 mcV/div, time base = 2 ms/div). (Third from left) Right ulnar F-wave responses were absent. (Right) Needle electromyographic (EMG) examination of right abductor digiti minimi was quiet at rest but showed a single fast firing unit on attempted contraction (gain = 200 mcV/div, time base = 10 ms/div).
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Electrodiagnostic testing 3 days after the injury revealed the following: (Left) Right distal ulnar motor response is of lower amplitude than on day 1, approximately 50% of baseline (gain = 2 mV/div, time base = 5 milliseconds [ms]/div) with persistent conduction block across the elbow. (Right) Right ulnar sensory response is still normal (gain = 20 mcV/div, time base =2 ms/div).
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Electrodiagnostic testing 6 days after the injury revealed the following: (Left) Right distal ulnar motor response is less than 10% of baseline (gain = 2 mV/div, time base = 5 milliseconds [ms]/div) with persistent conduction block across the elbow. (Right) Right ulnar sensory response amplitude still is relatively preserved at 50% of baseline (gain = 20 mcV/div, time base = 1 ms/div).
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Electrodiagnostic testing 10 days after the injury revealed the following: Right ulnar motor (middle) and sensory (right) responses are absent. Needle electromyography (EMG) of first dorsal interosseus shows sparse denervation potentials with 1 fast firing unit on attempted volitional activity.
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Intraoperative nerve action potentials recorded from the lateral cord (point R) with successive stimulation (at points 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) along the course of the musculocutaneous nerve (gain = 100 mcV/div, time base = 0.5 milliseconds [ms]/div). Normal responses are recorded from stimulation at points 1 and 2. A slight increase in latency and drop in amplitude are noted on stimulation at point 3 close to the nerve injury. Stimulation at points 4 and 5 (distal to the injury) fail to evoke a recordable response.
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A 25-year-old man had a "flail" right arm after injury in a motorcycle accident (Case study 4). Left panel: Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) recorded at the scalp from stimulation of the (healthy) middle trunk (gain = 0.2 mcV/div, time base = 10 milliseconds [ms]/div). Middle panel: SEPs recorded at the scalp from stimulation of the lower trunk—no reproducible responses present (gain = 0.2 mcV/div, time base = 10 ms/div). Right panel: "Super normal" nerve action potentials recorded at the lower trunk from stimulation of the medial cord (time base = 1.5 ms/div, gain = 20 mcV/div).
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MRN of the brachial plexus. a: Abnormal signal in the brachial plexus elements on the affected (right) side. Compare to b: normal plexus on the unaffected (left) side.
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MRN image through the cervical spine showing pseudomengocele (arrows) at the site of a cervical root avulsion in a patient with traumatic brachial plexopathy.
