Charcot JM. Clinical lectures of diseases of the nervous system. The Landmark Library of Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1994. 186.
Wilson SAK. Neurology. The Landmark Library of Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1994. 739-740.
Harada M. Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1995. 25(1):1-24. [Medline].
United Nations Environment Programme. Minamata Convention on Mercury. Minamata Convention on Mercury. Available at http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Convention. Accessed: October 18, 2014.
Hamann CR, Boonchai W, Wen L, Sakanashi EN, Chu CY, Hamann K, et al. Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin-lightening products: is mercury toxicity a hidden global health hazard?. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Feb. 70(2):281-7.e3. [Medline].
Ha E, Basu N, Bose-O'Reilly S, Dórea JG, McSorley E, Sakamoto M, et al. Current progress on understanding the impact of mercury on human health. Environ Res. 2017 Jan. 152:419-433. [Medline].
Wu X, Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Xu H, Zhang Z, Yang L. A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 May. 23 (9):8244-59. [Medline].
Takeuchi T, Eto K, Kinjo Y, Tokunaga H. Human brain disturbance by methylmercury poisoning, focusing on the long-term effect on brain weight. Neurotoxicology. 1996 Spring. 17(1):187-90. [Medline].
Vahter ME, Mottet NK, Friberg LT, Lind SB, Charleston JS, Burbacher TM. Demethylation of methyl mercury in different brain sites of Macaca fascicularis monkeys during long-term subclinical methyl mercury exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Oct. 134(2):273-84. [Medline].
Carvalho CM, Chew EH, Hashemy SI, Lu J, Holmgren A. Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system. A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity. J Biol Chem. 2008 May 2. 283(18):11913-23. [Medline].
Basu N, Scheuhammer AM, Rouvinen-Watt K, Evans RD, Grochowina N, Chan LH. The effects of mercury on muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes (M1 and M2) in captive mink. Neurotoxicology. 2008 Mar. 29(2):328-34. [Medline].
Huang CF, Hsu CJ, Liu SH, Lin-Shiau SY. Neurotoxicological mechanism of methylmercury induced by low-dose and long-term exposure in mice: oxidative stress and down-regulated Na+/K(+)-ATPase involved. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Feb 15. 176(3):188-97. [Medline].
Ceccatelli S, Daré E, Moors M. Methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Nov 5. 188(2):301-8. [Medline].
Yamashita T, Ando Y, Sakashita N, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the cerebellar degeneration during methylmercury intoxication. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Mar 15. 1334(2-3):303-11. [Medline].
Ralston NV, Raymond LJ. Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity. Toxicology. 2010 Nov 28. 278(1):112-23. [Medline].
Echeverria D, Woods JS, Heyer NJ, Rohlman D, Farin FM, Li T, et al. The association between a genetic polymorphism of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, dental mercury exposure and neurobehavioral response in humans. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2006 Jan-Feb. 28(1):39-48. [Medline].
Echeverria D, Woods JS, Heyer NJ, Martin MD, Rohlman DS, Farin FM, et al. The association between serotonin transporter gene promotor polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and elemental mercury exposure on mood and behavior in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010. 73(15):1003-20. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chernyak YI, Itskovich VB, Baduev BK, Borovskii GB. Dependence of blood levels of HSP70 and HSP90 on genotypes of HSP70, GSTT1, and GSTM1 gene polymorphism in individuals chronically exposed to mercury. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012 Nov. 154(1):68-72. [Medline].
Wang Y, Goodrich JM, Gillespie B, Werner R, Basu N, Franzblau A. An investigation of modifying effects of metallothionein single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the association between mercury exposure and biomarker levels. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Apr. 120(4):530-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bose-O'Reilly S, McCarty KM, Steckling N, Lettmeier B. Mercury exposure and children's health. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2010 Sep. 40(8):186-215. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Dufault R, LeBlanc B, Schnoll R, et al. Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar. Environ Health. 2009 Jan 26. 8:2. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Washam C. Beastly beauty products: exposure to inorganic mercury in skin-lightening creams. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Feb. 119(2):A80. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mercury exposure among household users and nonusers of skin-lightening creams produced in Mexico - California and Virginia, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jan 20. 61(2):33-6. [Medline].
Tang HL, Chu KH, Mak YF, Lee W, Cheuk A, Yim KF. Minimal change disease following exposure to mercury-containing skin lightening cream. Hong Kong Med J. 2006 Aug. 12(4):316-8. [Medline].
Espinoza EO, Mann MJ, Bleasdell B. Arsenic and mercury in traditional Chinese herbal balls. N Engl J Med. 1995 Sep 21. 333(12):803-4. [Medline].
Sallon S, Namdul T, Dolma S, et al. Mercury in traditional Tibetan medicine - panacea or problem?. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006 Jul. 25(7):405-12. [Medline].
Garetano G, Stern AH, Robson M, Gochfeld M. Mercury vapor in residential building common areas in communities where mercury is used for cultural purposes versus a reference community. Sci Total Environ. 2008 Jul 1. 397(1-3):131-9. [Medline].
Saper RB, Kales SN, Paquin J, et al. Heavy metal content of ayurvedic herbal medicine products. JAMA. 2004 Dec 15. 292(23):2868-73. [Medline].
Kingman A, Albers JW, Arezzo JC, Garabrant DH, Michalek JE. Amalgam exposure and neurological function. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Mar. 26(2):241-55. [Medline].
Public Health Service. Dental amalgam: a scientific review and recommended Public Health Service strategy for research, education, and regulation. Public Health Service. January 1993. [Full Text].
Franzblau A, d'Arcy H, Ishak MB, et al. Low-level mercury exposure and peripheral nerve function. Neurotoxicology. 2012 Jun. 33(3):299-306. [Medline].
Bellinger DC, Trachtenberg F, Barregard L, et al. Neuropsychological and renal effects of dental amalgam in children: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006 Apr 19. 295(15):1775-83. [Medline].
DeRouen TA, Martin MD, Leroux BG, et al. Neurobehavioral effects of dental amalgam in children: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006 Apr 19. 295(15):1784-92. [Medline].
FDA Issues Final Regulation on Dental Amalgam. July 28, 2009. FDA News Release. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm173992.htm.
Triunfante P, Soares ME, Santos A, Tavares S, Carmo H, Bastos Mde L. Mercury fatal intoxication: two case reports. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Jan 30. 184(1-3):e1-6. [Medline].
Deschamps F, Strady C, Deslee G, Menciere-Faroy B, Deschamps S. Five years of follow-up after elemental mercury self-poisoning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2002 Jun. 23(2):170-2. [Medline].
Bigham M, Copes R. Thiomersal in vaccines: balancing the risk of adverse effects with the risk of vaccine-preventable disease. Drug Saf. 2005. 28(2):89-101. [Medline].
Kirby D. Evidence of Harm. Mercury in Vaccine and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy. New York: Saint Martin's Press; 2005.
Heron J, Golding J. Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: a prospective cohort study in the United kingdom does not support a causal association. Pediatrics. 2004 Sep. 114(3):577-83. [Medline].
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, McMillan N, Ford M. 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014 Dec. 52 (10):1032-283. [Medline].
Amin-zaki L, Majeed MA, Clarkson TW, Greenwood MR. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraqi children: clinical observations over two years. Br Med J. 1978 Mar 11. 1(6113):613-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Feng X, Li P, Qiu G, et al. Human exposure to methylmercury through rice intake in mercury mining areas, Guizhou province, China. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Jan 1. 42(1):326-32. [Medline].
Barregard L. Exposure to inorganic mercury: from dental amalgam to artisanal gold mining. Environ Res. 2008 May. 107(1):4-5. [Medline].
Myers GJ, Davidson PW. Prenatal methylmercury exposure and children: neurologic, developmental, and behavioral research. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Jun. 106 Suppl 3:841-7. [Medline].
Stern AH, Jacobson JL, Ryan L, Burke TA. Do recent data from the Seychelles Islands alter the conclusions of the NRC Report on the toxicological effects of methylmercury?. Environ Health. 2004 Jan 30. 3(1):2. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Davis LE, Kornfeld M, Mooney HS, et al. Methylmercury poisoning: long-term clinical, radiological, toxicological, and pathological studies of an affected family. Ann Neurol. 1994 Jun. 35(6):680-8. [Medline].
Nierenberg DW, Nordgren RE, Chang MB, et al. Delayed cerebellar disease and death after accidental exposure to dimethylmercury. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jun 4. 338(23):1672-6. [Medline].
Albers JW, Kallenbach LR, Fine LJ, et al. Neurological abnormalities associated with remote occupational elemental mercury exposure. Ann Neurol. 1988 Nov. 24(5):651-9. [Medline].
Letz R, Gerr F, Cragle D, Green RC, Watkins J, Fidler AT. Residual neurologic deficits 30 years after occupational exposure to elemental mercury. Neurotoxicology. 2000 Aug. 21(4):459-74. [Medline].
ATSDR. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Mercury. ATSDR. August 1997.
EPA. Water quality criterion for the protection of human health: methylmercury. Environmental Protection Agency. Jan 2001. EPA-823-R-01-001.
CDC. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood and hair mercury levels in young children and women of childbearing age--United States, 1999. JAMA. 2001 Mar 21. 285(11):1436-7. [Medline].
Myers GJ, Davidson PW, Cox C, et al. Prenatal methylmercury exposure from ocean fish consumption in the Seychelles child development study. Lancet. 2003 May 17. 361(9370):1686-92. [Medline].
Gerstenberger SL, Martinson A, Kramer JL. An evaluation of mercury concentrations in three brands of canned tuna. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Feb. 29(2):237-42. [Medline].
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Food safety facts on mercury and fish consumption. Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
Health Canada. Advisory: Information on mercury levels in fish. May 29, 2002. Health Canada Online.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Guide to eating Ontario sport fish, 2001-2002. 21st ed rev. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 2001.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mercury and Vaccines (Thimerosal). Updated June 2007. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/od/science/iso/concerns/thimerosal.htm.
Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, et al. Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. Pediatrics. 2003 Sep. 112(3 Pt 1):604-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
World Health Organization. World Health Organization: Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. Rec 32. WHO. 2003 Jun 11-12. 282-284.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Spills, Disposal and Site Cleanup. US Environmental Protection Agency. Available at http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htm. Accessed: March 30, 2009.
Jao-Tan C, Pope E. Cutaneous poisoning syndromes in children: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006 Aug. 18(4):410-6. [Medline].
Tezer H, Kaya A, Kalkan G, Erkocoglu M, Ozturk K, Buyuktasli M. Mercury poisoning: a diagnostic challenge. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012 Nov. 28(11):1236-7. [Medline].
Takaoka S, Kawakami Y, Fujino T, Oh-ishi F, Motokura F, Kumagai Y. Somatosensory disturbance by methylmercury exposure. Environ Res. 2008 May. 107(1):6-19. [Medline].
Malkani R, Weinstein JM, Kumar N, Victor TA, Bernstein L. Ataxia and cranial neuropathies from subcutaneously injected elemental mercury. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Apr. 49(4):334-6. [Medline].
Haut MW, Morrow LA, Pool D, Callahan TS, Haut JS, Franzen MD. Neurobehavioral effects of acute exposure to inorganic mercury vapor. Appl Neuropsychol. 1999. 6(4):193-200. [Medline].
Yokoo EM, Valente JG, Grattan L, Schmidt SL, Platt I, Silbergeld EK. Low level methylmercury exposure affects neuropsychological function in adults. Environ Health. 2003 Jun 4. 2(1):8. [Medline].
Weil M, Bressler J, Parsons P, Bolla K, Glass T, Schwartz B. Blood mercury levels and neurobehavioral function. JAMA. 2005 Apr 20. 293(15):1875-82. [Medline].
Chang JW, Pai MC, Chen HL, Guo HR, Su HJ, Lee CC. Cognitive function and blood methylmercury in adults living near a deserted chloralkali factory. Environ Res. 2008 Nov. 108(3):334-9. [Medline].
Boyd AS, Seger D, Vannucci S, Langley M, Abraham JL, King LE Jr. Mercury exposure and cutaneous disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jul. 43(1 Pt 1):81-90. [Medline].
Dantzig PI. A new cutaneous sign of mercury poisoning?. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Dec. 49(6):1109-11. [Medline].
Chu CC, Huang CC, Ryu SJ, Wu TN. Chronic inorganic mercury induced peripheral neuropathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998 Dec. 98(6):461-5. [Medline].
Miyakawa T, Murayama E, Sumiyoshi S, Deshimaru M, Fujimoto T. Late changes in human sural nerves in Minamata disease and in nerves of rats with experimental organic mercury poisoning. Acta Neuropathol. 1976 Jun 15. 35(2):131-8. [Medline].
Risher JF, Amler SN. Mercury exposure: evaluation and intervention the inappropriate use of chelating agents in the diagnosis and treatment of putative mercury poisoning. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Aug. 26(4):691-9. [Medline].
Li YF, Chen C, Li B, et al. Scalp hair as a biomarker in environmental and occupational mercury exposed populations: suitable or not?. Environ Res. 2008 May. 107(1):39-44. [Medline].
Urban P, Lukas E, Benicky L, Moscovicova E. Neurological and electrophysiological examination on workers exposed to mercury vapors. Neurotoxicology. 1996 Spring. 17(1):191-6. [Medline].
Ruedy J. Methylmercury poisoning. CMAJ. 2001 Oct 30. 165(9):1193-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Halbach S, Welzl G. Levels of organic and inorganic mercury in human blood predicted from measurements of total mercury. J Appl Toxicol. 2010 Oct. 30(7):674-9. [Medline].
Young-Jin S. Mercury. Flomenbaum NE, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS, Howland MA, et al, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2006. 96.
[Guideline] Charlton N, Wallace KL. American College of Medical Toxicology - Position Statement: Post-Chelator Challenge Urinary Metal Testing. July 27, 2009. [Full Text].
Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van't Veer P, et al. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28. 347(22):1747-54. [Medline].
Rees JR, Sturup S, Chen C, Folt C, Karagas MR. Toenail mercury and dietary fish consumption. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2007 Jan. 17(1):25-30. [Medline].
Sallsten G, Barregard L, Wikkelso C, Schutz A. Mercury and proteins in cerebrospinal fluid in subjects exposed to mercury vapor. Environ Res. 1994 May. 65(2):195-206. [Medline].
Korogi Y, Takahashi M, Hirai T, et al. Representation of the visual field in the striate cortex: comparison of MR findings with visual field deficits in organic mercury poisoning (Minamata disease). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997 Jun-Jul. 18(6):1127-30. [Medline].
White RF, Feldman RG, Moss MB, Proctor SP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurobehavioral testing, and toxic encephalopathy: two cases. Environ Res. 1993 Apr. 61(1):117-23. [Medline].
Benz MR, Lee SH, Kellner L, Döhlemann C, Berweck S. Hyperintense lesions in brain MRI after exposure to a mercuric chloride-containing skin whitening cream. Eur J Pediatr. 2011 Jun. 170(6):747-50. [Medline].
O'Carroll RE, Masterton G, Dougall N, Ebmeier KP, Goodwin GM. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of mercury poisoning. The Mad Hatter's disease revisited. Br J Psychiatry. 1995 Jul. 167(1):95-8. [Medline].
Andersen A, Ellingsen DG, Mørland T, Kjuus H. A neurological and neurophysiological study of chloralkali workers previously exposed to mercury vapour. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993 Dec. 88(6):427-33. [Medline].
Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Jorgensen PJ, Grandjean P. Delayed brainstem auditory evoked potential latencies in 14-year-old children exposed to methylmercury. J Pediatr. 2004 Feb. 144(2):177-83. [Medline].
Cantor MO. Mercury lost in the gastrointestinal tract; report of an unusual case. J Am Med Assoc. 1951 Jun 9. 146(6):560-1. [Medline].
Ragothaman M, Kulkarni G, Ashraf VV, Pal PK, Chickabasavaiah Y, Shankar SK. Elemental mercury poisoning probably causes cortical myoclonus. Mov Disord. 2007 Oct 15. 22(13):1964-8. [Medline].
Rustam H, Von Burg R, Amin-Zaki L, El Hassani S. Evidence for a neuromuscular disorder in methylmercury poisoning. Arch Environ Health. 1975 Apr. 30(4):190-5. [Medline].
Forman J, Moline J, Cernichiari E, et al. A cluster of pediatric metallic mercury exposure cases treated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Jun. 108(6):575-7. [Medline].
Alhamad T, Rooney J, Nwosu A, Maccombs J, Kim YS, Shukla V. Lessons learned from a fatal case of mercury intoxication. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011 Jan 14. [Medline].
Grandjean P, Guldager B, Larsen IB, Jorgensen PJ, Holmstrup P. Placebo response in environmental disease. Chelation therapy of patients with symptoms attributed to amalgam fillings. J Occup Environ Med. 1997 Aug. 39(8):707-14. [Medline].
Zajac A. Mercury in dental fillings. www.losangelestimes.com. Available at http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/20/nation/la-na-mercury-dental-qa-20101220. Accessed: August 7, 2011.
