Infantile Spasm (West Syndrome) Questions & Answers

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2. Pies NJ, Beardsmore CW. West & West syndrome--a historical sketch about the eponymous doctor, his work and his family. Brain Dev. 2003 Mar. 25(2):84-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. West WJ. Infantile spasm. Lancet. 1841. 1:724.

4. Wang J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang G, Shang AJ, Zou LP. Proteomic analysis on infantile spasm and prenatal stress. Epilepsy Res. 2014 Sep. 108(7):1174-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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6. Zupanc ML. Infantile spasms. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Nov. 4(11):2039-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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8. Lux AL, Osborne JP. The influence of etiology upon ictal semiology, treatment decisions and long-term outcomes in infantile spasms and West syndrome. Epilepsy Res. 2006 Aug. 70 Suppl 1:S77-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Goh S, Kwiatkowski DJ, Dorer DJ. Infantile spasms and intellectual outcomes in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology. 2005 Jul 26. 65(2):235-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Saemundsen E, Ludvigsson P, Rafnsson V. Autism spectrum disorders in children with a history of infantile spasms: a population-based study. J Child Neurol. 2007 Sep. 22(9):1102-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Saemundsen E, Ludvigsson P, Rafnsson V. Risk of autism spectrum disorders after infantile spasms: a population-based study nested in a cohort with seizures in the first year of life. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov. 49(11):1865-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Endoh F, Yoshinaga H, Ishizaki Y, Oka M, Kobayashi K, Ohtsuka Y. Abnormal fast activity before the onset of West syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 2011 Feb. 42(2):51-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Parisi P, Bombardieri R, Curatolo P. Current role of vigabatrin in infantile spasms. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2007 Nov. 11(6):331-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Arzimanoglou A, Carpenter D. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: European expert opinion, 2007. Epileptic Disord. 2007 Dec. 9(4):353-412. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Knupp KG, Coryell J, Nickels KC, Ryan N, Leister E, et al. Response to treatment in a prospective national infantile spasms cohort. Ann Neurol. 2016 Mar. 79 (3):475-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Caraballo R, Vaccarezza M, Cersósimo R, Rios V, Soraru A, Arroyo H, et al. Long-term follow-up of the ketogenic diet for refractory epilepsy: multicenter Argentinean experience in 216 pediatric patients. Seizure. 2011 Oct. 20(8):640-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Eun SH, Kang HC, Kim DW, Kim HD. Ketogenic diet for treatment of infantile spasms. Brain Dev. 2006 Oct. 28(9):566-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Hong AM, Turner Z, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH. Infantile spasms treated with the ketogenic diet: prospective single-center experience in 104 consecutive infants. Epilepsia. 2010 Aug. 51 (8):1403-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Baram TZ, Mitchell WG, Tournay A, et al. High-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded study. Pediatrics. 1996 Mar. 97(3):375-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Mackay M, Weiss S, Snead OC. Treatment of infantile spasms: an evidence-based approach. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2002. 49:157-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Kondo Y, Okumura A, Watanabe K. Comparison of two low dose ACTH therapies for West syndrome: their efficacy and side effect. Brain Dev. 2005 Aug. 27(5):326-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Hrachovy RA, Frost JD Jr, Kellaway P, et al. Double-blind study of ACTH vs prednisone therapy in infantile spasms. J Pediatr. 1983 Oct. 103(4):641-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Kivity S, Lerman P, Ariel R. Long-term cognitive outcomes of a cohort of children with cryptogenic infantile spasms treated with high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone. Epilepsia. 2004 Mar. 45(3):255-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Aicardi J, Mumford JP, Dumas C, et al. Vigabatrin as initial therapy for infantile spasms: a European retrospective survey. Sabril IS Investigator and Peer Review Groups. Epilepsia. 1996 Jul. 37(7):638-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Riikonen RS. Favourable prognostic factors with infantile spasms. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009 Apr 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Appleton RE, Peters AC, Mumford JP, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled study of vigabatrin as first-line treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 1999 Nov. 40(11):1627-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Hancock E, Osborne JP. Vigabatrin in the treatment of infantile spasms in tuberous sclerosis: literature review. J Child Neurol. 1999 Feb. 14(2):71-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Fejerman N, Cersosimo R, Caraballo R, et al. Vigabatrin as a first-choice drug in the treatment of West syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2000 Mar. 15(3):161-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nielsen JC, Kowalski KG, Karim A, Patel M, Wesche DL, Tolbert D. Population Pharmacokinetics Analysis of Vigabatrin in Adults and Children with Epilepsy and Children with Infantile Spasms. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014 Aug 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Blennow G, Starck L. High dose B6 treatment in infantile spasms. Neuropediatrics. 1986 Feb. 17(1):7-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Pietz J, Benninger C, Schafer H, et al. Treatment of infantile spasms with high-dosage vitamin B6. Epilepsia. 1993 Jul-Aug. 34(4):757-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Ito M, Seki T, Takuma Y. Current therapy for West syndrome in Japan. J Child Neurol. 2000 Jun. 15(6):424-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Debus OM, Kurlemann G. Sulthiame in the primary therapy of West syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled add-on trial on baseline pyridoxine medication. Epilepsia. 2004 Feb. 45(2):103-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Veggiotti P, Cieuta C, Rex E, et al. Lamotrigine in infantile spasms [letter]. Lancet. 1994 Nov 12. 344(8933):1375-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Cianchetti C, Pruna D, Coppola G. Low-dose lamotrigine in West syndrome. Epilepsy Res. 2002 Sep. 51(1-2):199-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Glauser TA, Clark PO, Strawsburg R. A pilot study of topiramate in the treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 1998 Dec. 39(12):1324-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Hosain SA, Merchant S, Solomon GE, Chutorian A. Topiramate for the treatment of infantile spasms. J Child Neurol. 2006 Jan. 21(1):17-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Yanagaki S, Oguni H, Yoshii K. Zonisamide for West syndrome: a comparison of clinical responses among different titration rate. Brain Dev. 2005 Jun. 27(4):286-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Yamauchi T, Aikawa H. Efficacy of zonisamide: our experience. Seizure. 2004 Dec. 13 Suppl 1:S41-8; discussion S49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Gümüs H, Kumandas S, Per H. Levetiracetam monotherapy in newly diagnosed cryptogenic West syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2007 Nov. 37(5):350-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Partikian A, Mitchell WG. Major adverse events associated with treatment of infantile spasms. J Child Neurol. 2007 Dec. 22(12):1360-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock E. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Nov 13-19. 364(9447):1773-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock E. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) comparing hormone treatment with vigabatrin on developmental and epilepsy outcomes to age 14 months: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov. 4(11):712-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Hammoudi DS, Lee SS, Madison A. Reduced visual function associated with infantile spasms in children on vigabatrin therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Feb. 46(2):514-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Mackay MT, Weiss SK, Adams-Webber T. Practice parameter: medical treatment of infantile spasms: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004 May 25. 62(10):1668-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Tracy A Glauser, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Co-Director, Genetic Pharmacology Service, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Tracy A Glauser, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, Child Neurology Society

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Eisai, ucb Pharma, Supernus, SK Life Science, Claritas, and Sunovion for consulting; Received royalty from AssureRx for license.

Diego A Morita, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Diego A Morita, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karen Mary Stannard, MD, FRCPC Pediatric Neurologist, Milford Regional Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital

Karen Mary Stannard, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, Child Neurology Society, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Selim R Benbadis, MD Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Bioserenity, Ceribell, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, Neuropace, SK life science, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Aquestive, Bioserenity, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, SK life science, Stratus, Sunovion, UCB<br/>Received research grant from: Cerevel Therapeutics, Ovid Therapeutics, Neuropace, Greenwich Jazz, SK Life Science, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Marinus, Neuroelectrics Corporation, Longboard, Janssen, Equilibre Biopharmaceuticals.

Stephen L Nelson, Jr, MD, PhD, FAACPDM, FAAN, FAAP, FANA Professor of Pediatrics, Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Medical Director, Tulane Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Tulane University School of Medicine; Pediatric Neurologist and Epileptologist, Ochsner Hospital for Children; Professor of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine

Stephen L Nelson, Jr, MD, PhD, FAACPDM, FAAN, FAAP, FANA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, The Society of Federal Health Professionals (AMSUS), Child Neurology Society, Southern Pediatric Neurology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert J Baumann, MD Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Robert J Baumann, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Child Neurology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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