Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Questions & Answers

1. Aathira R, Jain V. Advances in management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2014 Oct 15. 5 (5):689-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. [Guideline] Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan. 33 Suppl 1:S62-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul. 32(7):1327-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Vehik K, Beam CA, Mahon JL, et al. Development of Autoantibodies in the TrialNet Natural History Study. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep. 34(9):1897-1901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2011. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan. 34 Suppl 1:S11-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Nainggolan L. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Navigator Beats Rival Devices. Medscape Medical News. January 14, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777607. Accessed: January 24, 2013.

7. Damiano ER, El-Khatib FH, Zheng H, Nathan DM, Russell SJ. A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Three Continuous Glucose Monitors. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jan 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tao B, Pietropaolo M, Atkinson M, Schatz D, Taylor D. Estimating the cost of type 1 diabetes in the U.S.: a propensity score matching method. PLoS One. 2010 Jul 9. 5(7):e11501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Pilia S, Casini MR, Cambuli VM, et al. Prevalence of Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (GAD and IA2) in Sardinian children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis. Diabet Med. 2011 Aug. 28(8):896-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Philippe MF, Benabadji S, Barbot-Trystram L, et al. Pancreatic volume and endocrine and exocrine functions in patients with diabetes. Pancreas. 2011 Apr. 40(3):359-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Noble JA, Valdes AM. Genetics of the HLA region in the prediction of type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2011 Dec. 11(6):533-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Barchetta I, Riccieri V, Vasile M, et al. High prevalence of capillary abnormalities in patients with diabetes and association with retinopathy. Diabet Med. 2011 Sep. 28(9):1039-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Young KA, Snell-Bergeon JK, Naik RG, Hokanson JE, Tarullo D, Gottlieb PA, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery calcification in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb. 34(2):454-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Joergensen C, Hovind P, Schmedes A, Parving HH, Rossing P. Vitamin d levels, microvascular complications, and mortality in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 May. 34(5):1081-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Zhang D, Efendic S, Brismar K, Gu HF. Effects of MCF2L2, ADIPOQ and SOX2 genetic polymorphisms on the development of nephropathy in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. BMC Med Genet. 2010 Jul 28. 11:116. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Busko M. Phenomenon of 'double diabetes' common among blacks. Medscape Medical News. April 25, 2013. [Full Text].

17. Epstein EJ, Osman JL, Cohen HW, Rajpathak SN, Lewis O, Crandall JP. Use of the Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate (eGDR) as a Measure of Insulin Resistance in an Urban Multiethnic Population With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013 Apr 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Davies JL, Kawaguchi Y, Bennett ST, Copeman JB, Cordell HJ, Pritchard LE, et al. A genome-wide search for human type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes. Nature. 1994 Sep 8. 371(6493):130-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Steck AK, Barriga KJ, Emery LM, Fiallo-Scharer RV, Gottlieb PA, Rewers MJ. Secondary attack rate of type 1 diabetes in Colorado families. Diabetes Care. 2005 Feb. 28(2):296-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Redondo MJ, Jeffrey J, Fain PR, Eisenbarth GS, Orban T. Concordance for islet autoimmunity among monozygotic twins. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 25. 359(26):2849-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Borchers AT, Uibo R, Gershwin ME. The geoepidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev. 2010 Mar. 9(5):A355-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group. Geographic patterns of childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group. Diabetes. 1988 Aug. 37(8):1113-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Erlich H, Valdes AM, Noble J, Carlson JA, Varney M, Concannon P, et al. HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families. Diabetes. 2008 Apr. 57(4):1084-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Todd JA, Bell JI, McDevitt HO. HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature. 1987 Oct 15-21. 329(6140):599-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Corper AL, Stratmann T, Apostolopoulos V, Scott CA, Garcia KC, Kang AS, et al. A structural framework for deciphering the link between I-Ag7 and autoimmune diabetes. Science. 2000 Apr 21. 288(5465):505-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Erlich H, Valdes AM, Noble J, Carlson JA, Varney M, Concannon P, et al. HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families. Diabetes. 2008 Apr. 57(4):1084-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Noble JA, Johnson J, Lane JA, Valdes AM. Race-specific type 1 diabetes risk of HLA-DR7 haplotypes. Tissue Antigens. 2011 Nov. 78(5):348-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Rotwein P, Yokoyama S, Didier DK, Chirgwin JM. Genetic analysis of the hypervariable region flanking the human insulin gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1986 Sep. 39(3):291-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Pugliese A, Zeller M, Fernandez A Jr, Zalcberg LJ, Bartlett RJ, Ricordi C, et al. The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet. 1997 Mar. 15(3):293-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Polychronakos C, Li Q. Understanding type 1 diabetes through genetics: advances and prospects. Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Oct 18. 12(11):781-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Concannon P, Chen WM, Julier C, Morahan G, Akolkar B, Erlich HA, et al. Genome-wide scan for linkage to type 1 diabetes in 2,496 multiplex families from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Diabetes. 2009 Apr. 58(4):1018-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Yeung WC, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME. Enterovirus infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational molecular studies. BMJ. 2011 Feb 3. 342:d35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Paronen J, Knip M, Savilahti E, Virtanen SM, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, et al. Effect of cow's milk exposure and maternal type 1 diabetes on cellular and humoral immunization to dietary insulin in infants at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Finnish Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk Study Group. Diabetes. 2000 Oct. 49(10):1657-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Lempainen J, Tauriainen S, Vaarala O, Mäkelä M, Honkanen H, Marttila J, et al. Interaction of enterovirus infection and cow's milk-based formula nutrition in type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 Feb. 28(2):177-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G, Bulsara MK, Cinek O, Rosenbauer J, et al. Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 30 observational studies. Diabetes. 2010 Feb. 59(2):486-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Henry EB, Patterson CC, Cardwell CR. A meta-analysis of the association between pre-eclampsia and childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2011 Aug. 28(8):900-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Simpson M, Brady H, Yin X, et al. No association of vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in childhood with risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia. 2011 Nov. 54(11):2779-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Melville N. Early Upper-Respiratory Infections Linked to Type 1 Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807205. Accessed: July 8, 2013.

39. Beyerlein A, Wehweck F, Ziegler AG, Pflueger M. Respiratory Infections in Early Life and the Development of Islet Autoimmunity in Children at Increased Type 1 Diabetes Risk: Evidence From the BABYDIET Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Jul 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Tucker ME. New Global Registry Investigates COVID-19 and New-Onset Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Jun 13. [Full Text].

41. Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Mar 21. [Full Text].

42. Tucker ME. 'Profound Implications': COVID Ups Diabetes Risk 40% a Year Later. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Mar 23. [Full Text].

43. Tang X, Uhl S, Zhang T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces beta cell transdifferentiation. Cell Metab. 2021 May 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab. 2021 May 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Barrett CE, Koyama AK, Alvarez P, et al. Risk for Newly Diagnosed Diabetes >30 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Persons Aged MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</i>. 2022 Jan 7. 71:[Full Text].

46. Tucker ME. COVID-19 Associated With Increased Diabetes Risk in Youth. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Jan 10. [Full Text].

47. Kendall EK, Olaker VR, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Davis PB. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Among Pediatric Patients From 2020 to 2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Sep 1. 5 (9):e2233014. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Cromer SJ, Colling C, Schatoff D, et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes vs. pre-existing diabetes upon admission for COVID-19: Associated factors, short-term outcomes, and long-term glycemic phenotypes. J Diabetes Complications. 2022 Feb 4. 108145. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf. Accessed: January 28, 2011.

50. Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 13. 376 (15):1419-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Imkampe AK, Gulliford MC. Trends in Type 1 diabetes incidence in the UK in 0- to 14-year-olds and in 15- to 34-year-olds, 1991-2008. Diabet Med. 2011 Jul. 28(7):811-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Tucker ME. IDF Atlas: 1 in 10 Adults Worldwide Now Has Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Dec 7. [Full Text].

53. Thomas NJ, Jones SE, Weedon MN, Shields BM, Oram RA, Hattersley AT. Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Nov 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. Tucker ME. Needle in a Haystack: Type 1 Diabetes Arises Equally in Adulthood. Medscape. 2017 Dec 4. [Full Text].

55. Harjutsalo V, Maric C, Forsblom C, et al. Sex-related differences in the long-term risk of microvascular complications by age at onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2011 Aug. 54(8):1992-1999. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, Gaber M, Hainer J, Klein J, et al. Association Between Coronary Vascular Dysfunction and Cardiac Mortality in Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2012 Aug 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, et al. Glycemic Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020. [Full Text].

58. Tucker ME. Pay Attention to In-Hospital Glucose to Save Lives in COVID-19. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Apr 20. [Full Text].

59. Barron E, Bakhai C, Kar P, et al. Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Aug 13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Tucker ME. Newly Published Articles Inform on COVID-19 Risk by Diabetes Type. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Aug 17. [Full Text].

61. Wargny M, Potier L, Gourdy P, et al. Predictors of hospital discharge and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: updated results from the nationwide CORONADO study. Diabetologia. 2021 Feb 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Davenport L. 1 in 5 Diabetes Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Die in 28 Days. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Feb 18. [Full Text].

63. Zoler ML. Cleaner data confirm severe COVID-19 link to diabetes, hypertension. MDedge Cardiology News. 2020 Jul 27. [Full Text].

64. Barrera FJ, Shekhar S, Wurth R, et al. Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension and their Associated Risks for Poor Outcomes in Covid-19 Patients. J Endocr Soc. 2020 Jul 21. [Full Text].

65. Holman N, Knighton P, Kar P, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Aug 13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Schlesinger S, Neuenschwander M, Lang A, et al. Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2021 Apr 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Busko M. Older, Sicker Diabetes Patients Have Worse COVID-19 Prognosis. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Apr 28. [Full Text].

68. Vangoitsenhoven R, Martens PJ, van Nes F, et al. No Evidence of Increased Hospitalization Rate for COVID-19 in Community-Dwelling Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020 Oct. 43 (10):e118-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Tucker ME. Emerging Data on Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19 Reassuring. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Oct 9. [Full Text].

70. Carrasco-Sanchez FJ, Lopez-Carmona MD, Martinez-Marcos FJ, et al. Admission hyperglycaemia as a predictor of mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 regardless of diabetes status: data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry. Ann Med. 2021 Dec. 53 (1):103-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Tucker ME. Blood Glucose on Admission Predicts COVID-19 Severity in All. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Nov 30. [Full Text].

72. Klonoff DC, Messler JC, Umpierrez GE, et al. Association Between Achieving Inpatient Glycemic Control and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Multicenter, Retrospective Hospital-Based Analysis. Diabetes Care. 2020 Dec 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Harding A. Glycemia in Early COVID-19 Hospitalization Linked to Mortality. Reuters Health Information. 2020 Dec 21. [Full Text].

74. Tucker ME. Small-fiber neuropathy common at 40 years of type 1 diabetes. Medscape Medical News. September 18, 2013. [Full Text].

75. Sveen KA, Karimé B, Jørum E, Mellgren SI, Fagerland MW, Monnier VM, et al. Small- and Large-Fiber Neuropathy After 40 Years of Type 1 Diabetes: Associations with glycemic control and advanced protein glycation: The Oslo Study. Diabetes Care. 2013 Sep 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Finne P, Reunanen A, Stenman S, Groop PH, Grönhagen-Riska C. Incidence of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. JAMA. 2005 Oct 12. 294(14):1782-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22. 353(25):2643-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. DCCT/EDIC Research Group, de Boer IH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, et al. Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 22. 365(25):2366-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

79. Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Groop PH. Time trends in mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes: nationwide population based cohort study. BMJ. 2011 Sep 8. 343:d5364. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Purnell JQ, Hokanson JE, Cleary PA, Nathan DM, Lachin JM, Zinman B, et al. The Effect of Excess Weight Gain with Intensive Diabetes Treatment on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial / Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Circulation. 2012 Dec 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Zheng F, Yan L, Yang Z, Zhong B, Xie W. HbA_1c, diabetes and cognitive decline: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Diabetologia. 2018 Jan 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

82. Melville NA. HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Linked to Cognitive Decline. Medscape Medical News. 2018 Jan 30. [Full Text].

83. Tucker ME. Type 1 Diabetes Raises COVID-19 Risk in Kids if A1c Is High. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Mar 22. [Full Text].

84. Joshi N, Caputo GM, Weitekamp MR, Karchmer AW. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 16. 341(25):1906-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, et al. Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR. 2020 Apr 8. [Full Text].

86. Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance — United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jun 15. [Full Text].

87. Franki R. Comorbidities Increase COVID-19 Deaths by Factor of 12. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Jun 17. [Full Text].

88. Ebekozien OA, Noor N, Gallagher MP, Alonso GT. Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19: Preliminary Findings From a Multicenter Surveillance Study in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jun 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

89. Tucker ME. Half of Those With Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19 Manage at Home. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Jun 11. [Full Text].

90. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html. Updated June 25, 2020; Accessed: June 27, 2020.

91. Wong VH, Bui BV, Vingrys AJ. Clinical and experimental links between diabetes and glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom. 2011 Jan. 94(1):4-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Gillespie KM. Type 1 diabetes: pathogenesis and prevention. CMAJ. 2006 Jul 18. 175(2):165-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

93. Harris SS. Vitamin D in type 1 diabetes prevention. J Nutr. 2005 Feb. 135(2):323-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Hammes HP, Kerner W, Hofer S, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes-a contemporary analysis of 8,784 patients. Diabetologia. 2011 Aug. 54(8):1977-1984. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Julius MC, Schatz DA, Silverstein JH. The prevention of type I diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Ann. 1999 Sep. 28(9):585-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Vinik AI, Mehrabyan A. Diabetic neuropathies. Med Clin North Am. 2004 Jul. 88(4):947-99, xi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Chou KL, Galetta SL, Liu GT, Volpe NJ, Bennett JL, Asbury AK, et al. Acute ocular motor mononeuropathies: prospective study of the roles of neuroimaging and clinical assessment. J Neurol Sci. 2004 Apr 15. 219(1-2):35-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Gerstein HC, Islam S, Anand S, et al. Dysglycaemia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in multiple ethnic groups: an analysis of 15,780 patients from the INTERHEART study. Diabetologia. 2010 Dec. 53(12):2509-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Falcone C, Nespoli L, Geroldi D, Gazzaruso C, Buzzi MP, Auguadro C, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2003 Aug. 90(2-3):219-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. [Guideline] Handelsman Y, Mechanick JI, Blonde L, Grunberger G, Bloomgarden ZT, Bray GA, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr. 17 Suppl 2:1-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. [Guideline] Hattersley A, Bruining J, Shield J, Njolstad P, Donaghue KC. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:33-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Hemoglobin A1c and Mean Glucose in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Analysis of data from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation continuous glucose monitoring randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011 Mar. 34(3):540-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

103. Mianowska B, Fendler W, Szadkowska A, Baranowska A, Grzelak-Agaciak E, Sadon J, et al. HbA(1c) levels in schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes are seasonally variable and dependent on weather conditions. Diabetologia. 2011 Apr. 54(4):749-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

104. Suzuki S, Koga M, Amamiya S, et al. Glycated albumin but not HbA(1c) reflects glycaemic control in patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2011 Sep. 54(9):2247-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Brooks M. Hemoglobin A1c misses many cases of diabetes. Medscape. 2019 Mar 28. [Full Text].

106. McDonald TJ, Colclough K, Brown R, et al. Islet autoantibodies can discriminate maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) from Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011 Sep. 28(9):1028-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. [Guideline] Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). ADA. Available at https://professional.diabetes.org/sites/professional.diabetes.org/files/media/draft_easdada_t1dm_adults_consensusreport_0.pdf. 2021; Accessed: July 19, 2021.

108. [Guideline] Tucker ME. ADA/EASD draft guidance aims to bring adults with type 1 diabetes out of shadows. MDedge. 2021 Jul 14. [Full Text].

109. [Guideline] Tucker ME. 'Push the Bar Higher': New Statement on Type 1 Diabetes in Adults. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Oct 4. [Full Text].

110. [Guideline] Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021 Sep 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

111. [Guideline] Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL. Type 1 Diabetes Through the Life Span: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jun 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Tucker M. First-Ever ADA Guidance Specifically for Type 1 Diabetes. Medscape Medical news. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/826854. Accessed: June 20, 2014.

113. Kielgast U, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Antidiabetic actions of endogenous and exogenous GLP-1 in type 1 diabetic patients with and without residual ß-cell function. Diabetes. 2011 May. 60(5):1599-607. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Lantidra (donislecel) [package insert]. Chicago, IL: CellTrans Inc. June 2023. Available at [Full Text].

115. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Cellular Therapy to Treat Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. FDA. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-cellular-therapy-treat-patients-type-1-diabetes. June 28, 2023; Accessed: July 3, 2023.

116. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin Diabetes. 2018 Jan. 36 (1):14-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

117. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30. 329(14):977-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22. 353(25):2643-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

119. Genuth S. Insights from the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study on the use of intensive glycemic treatment to reduce the risk of complications of type 1 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2006 Jan-Feb. 12 Suppl 1:34-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Lind M, Bounias I, Olsson M, et al. Glycaemic control and incidence of heart failure in 20,985 patients with type 1 diabetes: an observational study. Lancet. 2011 Jul 9. 378(9786):140-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Tomlin A, Dovey S, Tilyard M. Health outcomes for diabetes patients returning for three annual general practice checks. N Z Med J. 2007 Apr 13. 120(1252):U2493. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Jacobson AM, Ryan CM, Cleary PA, Waberski BH, Weinger K, Musen G, et al. Biomedical risk factors for decreased cognitive functioning in type 1 diabetes: an 18 year follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort. Diabetologia. 2011 Feb. 54(2):245-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

123. Asvold BO, Sand T, Hestad K, Bjørgaas MR. Cognitive function in type 1 diabetic adults with early exposure to severe hypoglycemia: a 16-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep. 33(9):1945-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

124. Sherwood JS, Russell SJ, Putman MS. New and Emerging Technologies in Type 1 Diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Dec. 49 (4):667-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

125. Garg SK, Voelmle MK, Beatson CR, et al. Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple Daily Injections Versus Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy: A prospective 6-month study. Diabetes Care. 2011 Mar. 34(3):574-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

126. Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N, Nimri R, Oskarsson P, Bolinder J. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr. 34(4):795-800. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

127. [Guideline] Klonoff DC, Buckingham B, Christiansen JS, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Oct. 96(10):2968-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

128. [Guideline] Tucker ME. ADA 2018 Standards Address Diabetes Drugs With CV Benefit. Medscape. 2017 Dec 8. [Full Text].

129. Medtronic, Inc. Medtronic gains approval of first artificial pancreas device system with threshold suspend automation [press release]. September 27, 2013. Available at http://newsroom.medtronic.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251324&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1859361&highlight. Accessed: October 7, 2013.

130. Tucker ME. FDA OKs insulin pump with low-glucose suspend feature. Medscape Medical News. September 27, 2013. [Full Text].

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Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Howard A Bessen, MD Professor of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Program Director, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Howard A Bessen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy ofSciences,and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Aneela Naureen Hussain, MD, FAAFM Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Department of Family Medicine, University Hospital of Brooklyn

Aneela Naureen Hussain, MD, FAAFM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Women's Association, Medical Society of the State of New York, and Society of Teachers of Family Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anne L Peters, MD, CDE Director of Clinical Diabetes Programs, Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center

Anne L Peters, MD, CDE is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American Diabetes Association

Disclosure: Amylin Honoraria Speaking and teaching; AstraZeneca Consulting fee Consulting; Lilly Consulting fee Consulting; Takeda Consulting fee Consulting; Bristol Myers Squibb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; NovoNordisk Consulting fee Consulting; Medtronic Minimed Consulting fee Consulting; Dexcom Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Roche Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Don S Schalch, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics

Don S Schalch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Central Society for Clinical Research, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Miriam T Vincent, MD, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Family Practice, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Miriam T Vincent, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Medical Society of the State of New York, North American Primary Care Research Group, Sigma Xi, and Society of Teachers of Family Medicine

Disclosure: Joslin Diabetes Group, Harvard Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Scott R Votey, MD Director of Emergency Medicine Residency, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine/Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Scott R Votey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Frederick H Ziel, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Physician-In-Charge, Endocrinology/Diabetes Center, Director of Medical Education, Kaiser Permanente Woodland Hills; Chair of Endocrinology, Co-Chair of Diabetes Complete Care Program, Southern California Permanente Medical Group

Frederick H Ziel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, California Medical Association, Endocrine Society, andInternational Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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