Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Questions & Answers

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2. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2012. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan. 35 Suppl 1:S11-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsdiab.htm.

4. [Guideline] Tucker ME. Diabetes Care 2022: Screen More, Personalize, Use Technology. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Dec 20. [Full Text].

5. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan 1. 45 (Supplement_1):S1-S2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Keller DM. New EASD/ADA Position Paper Shifts Diabetes Treatment Goals. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/771989. Accessed: October 15, 2012.

7. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2012 Jun. 55(6):1577-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012 Jun. 35(6):1364-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Tucker ME. New diabetes guidelines ease systolic blood pressure target. December 20, 2012. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776543. Accessed: January 8, 2013.

10. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations: 2013. Diabetes Care. January 2013. 36 (suppl 1):S1-S110. [Full Text].

11. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jan. 26 Suppl 1:S5-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017. 2017. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf.

13. Harrison P. Almost Half the US Population Has Diabetes or Its Precursor. Medscape Medical News. 2017 Jul 19. [Full Text].

14. Unger RH, Orci L. Paracrinology of islets and the paracrinopathy of diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Sep 14. 107(37):16009-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Philippe MF, Benabadji S, Barbot-Trystram L, Vadrot D, Boitard C, Larger E. Pancreatic volume and endocrine and exocrine functions in patients with diabetes. Pancreas. 2011 Apr. 40(3):359-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Bacha F, Lee S, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. From pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in obese youth: pathophysiological characteristics along the spectrum of glucose dysregulation. Diabetes Care. 2010 Oct. 33(10):2225-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Hansen KB, Vilsboll T, Bagger JI, Holst JJ, Knop FK. Increased postprandial GIP and glucagon responses, but unaltered GLP-1 response after intervention with steroid hormone, relative physical inactivity, and high-calorie diet in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb. 96(2):447-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Wheeler E, Barroso I. Genome-wide association studies and type 2 diabetes. Brief Funct Genomics. 2011 Mar. 10(2):52-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Billings LK, Florez JC. The genetics of type 2 diabetes: what have we learned from GWAS? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Nov;1212:59-77. [Full Text].

20. Nielsen EM, Hansen L, Carstensen B, Echwald SM, Drivsholm T, Glumer C, et al. The E23K variant of Kir6.2 associates with impaired post-OGTT serum insulin response and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003 Feb. 52(2):573-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Ukkola O, Sun G, Bouchard C. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2 ) and IGF-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) gene variants are associated with overfeeding-induced metabolic changes. Diabetologia. 2001 Dec. 44(12):2231-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Lindgren CM, McCarthy MI. Mechanisms of disease: genetic insights into the etiology of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar. 4(3):156-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Sladek R, Rocheleau G, Rung J, Dina C, Shen L, Serre D, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2007 Feb 22. 445(7130):881-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Sandhu MS, Weedon MN, Fawcett KA, Wasson J, Debenham SL, Daly A, et al. Common variants in WFS1 confer risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2007 Aug. 39(8):951-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Saxena R, Hivert MF, Langenberg C, Tanaka T, Pankow JS, Vollenweider P, et al. Genetic variation in GIPR influences the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. Nat Genet. 2010 Feb. 42(2):142-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Chiefari E, Tanyolac S, Paonessa F, Pullinger CR, Capula C, Iiritano S, et al. Functional variants of the HMGA1 gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2011 Mar 2. 305(9):903-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Cheng S, Rhee EP, McCabe E, et al. Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nat Med. 2011 Apr. 17(4):448-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Testa R, Olivieri F, Sirolla C, Spazzafumo L, Rippo MR, Marra M, et al. Leukocyte telomere length is associated with complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2011 Nov. 28(11):1388-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Krssak M, Winhofer Y, Gobl C, Bischof M, Reiter G, Kautzky-Willer A, et al. Insulin resistance is not associated with myocardial steatosis in women. Diabetologia. 2011 Jul. 54(7):1871-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Leiter LA, Lundman P, da Silva PM, Drexel H, Junger C, Gitt AK. Persistent lipid abnormalities in statin-treated patients with diabetes mellitus in Europe and Canada: results of the Dyslipidaemia International Study. Diabet Med. 2011 Nov. 28(11):1343-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Stern MP. Do non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents?. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jan 1. 124(1 Pt 2):110-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Haffner SM, D'Agostino R Jr, Mykkanen L, Tracy R, Howard B, Rewers M, et al. Insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Relationship to cardiovascular risk factors: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. 1999 Apr. 22(4):562-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Busko M. Gray-matter atrophy may drive cognitive decline in diabetes. Medscape Medical News. August 22, 2013. [Full Text].

34. Moran C, Phan TG, Chen J, et al. Brain atrophy in type 2 diabetes: regional distribution and influence on cognition. Diabetes Care. 2013 Aug 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Brooks M. Depression accelerates cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes. Medscape Medical News. October 17, 2013. [Full Text].

36. Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Lovato LC, Miller ME, Murray AM, Horowitz KR, et al. Association of Depression With Accelerated Cognitive Decline Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the ACCORD-MIND Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Oct 1. 70(10):1041-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. McCall B. Causal Link Found for Type 2 Diabetes and Lung Complications. Medscape News UK. 2023 Apr 28. [Full Text].

38. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, et al. Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR. 2020 Apr 8. [Full Text].

39. Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance — United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jun 15. [Full Text].

40. Franki R. Comorbidities Increase COVID-19 Deaths by Factor of 12. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Jun 17. [Full Text].

41. Zoler ML. Cleaner data confirm severe COVID-19 link to diabetes, hypertension. MDedge Cardiology News. 2020 Jul 27. [Full Text].

42. Barrera FJ, Shekhar S, Wurth R, et al. Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension and their Associated Risks for Poor Outcomes in Covid-19 Patients. J Endocr Soc. 2020 Jul 21. [Full Text].

43. King J. Inflammatory markers may explain COVID-19, diabetes dynamic. MDedge. 2020 Apr 15. [Full Text].

44. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar 31. e3319. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Ahlqvist E, Storm P, Karajamaki A, et al. Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Davenport L. Diabetes Consists of Five Types, Not Two, Say Researchers. Medscape Medical News. 2018 Mar 1. [Full Text].

47. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004 Jan 10. 363(9403):157-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Wei GS, Coady SA, Goff DC Jr, Brancati FL, Levy D, Selvin E, et al. Blood pressure and the risk of developing diabetes in african americans and whites: ARIC, CARDIA, and the framingham heart study. Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr. 34(4):873-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Birth weight, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance in Pima Indian children and young adults. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jun. 22(6):944-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Yarbrough DE, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL. Birth weight, adult weight, and girth as predictors of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care. 1998 Oct. 21(10):1652-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Li Y, Qi Q, Workalemahu T, Hu FB, Qi L. Birth Weight, Genetic Susceptibility, and Adulthood Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 Aug 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Slining MM, Kuzawa CW, Mayer-Davis EJ, Adair LS. Evaluating the indirect effect of infant weight velocity on insulin resistance in young adulthood: a birth cohort study from the Philippines. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Mar 15. 173(6):640-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. American Society for Metabolic an Bariatric Surgery. Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Surgery. Available at https://asmbs.org/resources/type-2-diabetes-and-metabolic-surgery-fact-sheet#:~:text=Obesity%20%E2%80%93%20medically%20defined%20as%20a,BMI%20of%20at%20least%2025).. October 2018; Accessed: March 6, 2021.

54. Wang J, Luben R, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG. Dietary energy density predicts the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Nov. 31(11):2120-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Cameron NA, Petito LC, McCabe M, et al. Quantifying the Sex-Race/Ethnicity-Specific Burden of Obesity on Incident Diabetes Mellitus in the United States, 2001 to 2016: MESA and NHANES. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Feb 16. 10 (4):e018799. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. Zoler ML. Obesity Pegged as Diabetes Cause in Almost Half of US Cases. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Feb 18. [Full Text].

57. Hectors TL, Vanparys C, van der Ven K, Martens GA, Jorens PG, Van Gaal LF, et al. Environmental pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a review of mechanisms that can disrupt beta cell function. Diabetologia. 2011 Jun. 54(6):1273-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Pauza AG, Thakkar P, Tasic T, et al. GLP1R Attenuates Sympathetic Response to High Glucose via Carotid Body Inhibition. Circ Res. 2022 Feb 1. CIRCRESAHA121319874. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Sweet pressure – scientists discover link between high blood pressure and diabetes. University of Bristol. Available at https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2022/february/blood-pressure-diabetes.html. February 1, 2022; Accessed: February 2, 2022.

60. de Miguel-Yanes JM, Shrader P, Pencina MJ, Fox CS, Manning AK, Grant RW, et al. Genetic risk reclassification for type 2 diabetes by age below or above 50 years using 40 type 2 diabetes risk single nucleotide polymorphisms. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan. 34(1):121-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Winckler W, Weedon MN, Graham RR, McCarroll SA, Purcell S, Almgren P, et al. Evaluation of common variants in the six known maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes for association with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007 Mar. 56(3):685-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Molven A, Ringdal M, Nordbo AM, Raeder H, Stoy J, Lipkind GM, et al. Mutations in the insulin gene can cause MODY and autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008 Apr. 57(4):1131-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Neve B, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Ashkenazi-Katalan V, Dina C, Hamid YH, Joly E, et al. Role of transcription factor KLF11 and its diabetes-associated gene variants in pancreatic beta cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 29. 102(13):4807-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Raeder H, Johansson S, Holm PI, Haldorsen IS, Mas E, Sbarra V, et al. Mutations in the CEL VNTR cause a syndrome of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. Nat Genet. 2006 Jan. 38(1):54-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Plengvidhya N, Kooptiwut S, Songtawee N, Doi A, Furuta H, Nishi M, et al. PAX4 mutations in Thais with maturity onset diabetes of the young. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul. 92(7):2821-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Borowiec M, Liew CW, Thompson R, Boonyasrisawat W, Hu J, Mlynarski WM, et al. Mutations at the BLK locus linked to maturity onset diabetes of the young and beta-cell dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 25. 106(34):14460-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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68. van den Ouweland JM, Lemkes HH, Ruitenbeek W, Sandkuijl LA, de Vijlder MF, Struyvenberg PA, et al. Mutation in mitochondrial tRNA(Leu)(UUR) gene in a large pedigree with maternally transmitted type II diabetes mellitus and deafness. Nat Genet. 1992 Aug. 1(5):368-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Castellino AM. Genetically Lowered Birth Weight May Cause Type 2 Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. July 4, 2016. [Full Text].

70. Wang T, Huang T, Li Y, Zheng Y, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Low birthweight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia. 2016 Jun 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q, van Dam RM, Franco OH, Manson JE, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Nov 22. 170(21):1884-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

72. Nouwen A, Winkley K, Twisk J, Lloyd CE, Peyrot M, Ismail K, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2010 Dec. 53(12):2480-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Siuta MA, Robertson SD, Kocalis H, Saunders C, Gresch PJ, Khatri V, et al. Dysregulation of the norepinephrine transporter sustains cortical hypodopaminergia and schizophrenia-like behaviors in neuronal rictor null mice. PLoS Biol. 2010 Jun 8. 8(6):e1000393. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. Feig DS, Shah BR, Lipscombe LL, Wu CF, Ray JG, Lowe J, et al. Preeclampsia as a risk factor for diabetes: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2013 Apr. 10(4):e1001425. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Tucker ME. New Global Registry Investigates COVID-19 and New-Onset Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Jun 13. [Full Text].

76. Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Mar 21. [Full Text].

77. Tucker ME. 'Profound Implications': COVID Ups Diabetes Risk 40% a Year Later. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Mar 23. [Full Text].

78. Tang X, Uhl S, Zhang T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces beta cell transdifferentiation. Cell Metab. 2021 May 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

79. Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab. 2021 May 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Barrett CE, Koyama AK, Alvarez P, et al. Risk for Newly Diagnosed Diabetes >30 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Persons Aged MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</i>. 2022 Jan 7. 71:[Full Text].

81. Tucker ME. COVID-19 Associated With Increased Diabetes Risk in Youth. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Jan 10. [Full Text].

82. Cromer SJ, Colling C, Schatoff D, et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes vs. pre-existing diabetes upon admission for COVID-19: Associated factors, short-term outcomes, and long-term glycemic phenotypes. J Diabetes Complications. 2022 Feb 4. 108145. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html. Reviewed January 18, 2022; Accessed: January 28, 2022.

84. Tucker ME. More Than 1 in 10 People in US Have Diabetes, CDC Says. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Jan 26. [Full Text].

85. Andes LJ, Cheng YJ, Rolka DB, Gregg EW, Imperatore G. Prevalence of Prediabetes Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 2005-2016. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Dec 2. e194498. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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88. Liu J, Li Y, Zhang D, Yi SS, Liu J. Trends in Prediabetes Among Youths in the US From 1999 Through 2018. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Mar 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Hackethal V. 2 in 5 American Adults Will Develop Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829833. Accessed: August 13, 2014.

90. Gregg EW, Zhuo X, Albright AL, et al. Trends in lifetime risk and years of life lost due to diabetes in the USA, 1985—2011: a modelling study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Available at http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(14)70161-5/fulltext. Accessed: August 13, 2014.

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92. Tucker ME. IDF Atlas: 1 in 10 Adults Worldwide Now Has Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Dec 7. [Full Text].

93. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Mar 1. 154(5):303-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

94. Albers JW, Herman WH, Pop-Busui R, Feldman EL, Martin CL, Cleary PA, et al. Effect of prior intensive insulin treatment during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes during the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study. Diabetes Care. 2010 May. 33(5):1090-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Tamborlane WV, Danis RP, Hainsworth DP, et al. Effect of prior intensive therapy in type 1 diabetes on 10-year progression of retinopathy in the DCCT/EDIC: comparison of adults and adolescents. Diabetes. 2010 May. 59(5):1244-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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97. Perreault L, Pan Q, Mather KJ, Watson KE, Hamman RF, Kahn SE. Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on long-term reduction in diabetes risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2012 Jun 16. 379(9833):2243-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 9. 359(15):1577-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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106. Zheng F, Yan L, Yang Z, Zhong B, Xie W. HbA_1c, diabetes and cognitive decline: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Diabetologia. 2018 Jan 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

107. Melville NA. HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Linked to Cognitive Decline. Medscape Medical News. 2018 Jan 30. [Full Text].

108. Cano JF, Baena-Diez JM, Franch J, Vila J, Tello S, Sala J, et al. Long-term cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic compared with nondiabetic first acute myocardial infarction patients: a population-based cohort study in southern Europe. Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep. 33(9):2004-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

109. Yamasaki Y, Nakajima K, Kusuoka H, Izumi T, Kashiwagi A, Kawamori R, et al. Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion imaging for asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: the J-ACCESS 2 investigation. Diabetes Care. 2010 Nov. 33(11):2320-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

110. Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Apr 15. 301(15):1547-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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116. Lind M, Olsson M, Rosengren A, Svensson AM, Bounias I, Gudbjornsdottir S. The relationship between glycaemic control and heart failure in 83,021 patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012 Aug 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Shah AS, Khoury PR, Dolan LM, Ippisch HM, Urbina EM, Daniels SR, et al. The effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus on cardiac structure and function in adolescents and young adults. Diabetologia. 2011 Apr. 54(4):722-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, Bergenstal RM, Gapstur SM, Habel LA, et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jul. 33(7):1674-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

119. Tseng CH. Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: a study using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. Diabetologia. 2011 Aug. 54(8):2009-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Colmers IN, Bowker SL, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA. Use of thiazolidinediones and the risk of bladder cancer among people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2012 Jul 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Yin M, Zhou J, Gorak EJ, Quddus F. Metformin is associated with survival benefit in cancer patients with concurrent type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncologist. 2013 Nov 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Howard A Bessen, MD Professor of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Program Director, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Howard A Bessen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy ofSciences,and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William L Isley, MD Senior Associate Consultant, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic of Rochester

William L Isley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Endocrine Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kenneth Patrick L Ligaray, MD Fellow, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, St Louis University School of Medicine

Kenneth Patrick Ligaray, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anne L Peters, MD, CDE Director of Clinical Diabetes Programs, Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center

Anne L Peters, MD, CDE is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American Diabetes Association

Disclosure: Amylin Honoraria Speaking and teaching; AstraZeneca Consulting fee Consulting; Lilly Consulting fee Consulting; Takeda Consulting fee Consulting; Bristol Myers Squibb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; NovoNordisk Consulting fee Consulting; Medtronic Minimed Consulting fee Consulting; Dexcom Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Roche Honoraria Speaking and teaching

David S Schade, MD Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center

David S Schade, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Endocrine Society, New Mexico Medical Society, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Don S Schalch, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics

Don S Schalch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Central Society for Clinical Research, and Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Scott R Votey, MD Director of Emergency Medicine Residency, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine/Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Scott R Votey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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