Diagnostic Considerations
Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of causes of or associations with moyamoya syndrome include the following:
-
Homocystinuria/homocysteinemia
-
Hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia
-
Syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS)
-
Methylmalonic acidemia
-
Propionic acidemia
-
Neurofibromatosis, type 1
-
Neurofibromatosis, type 2
-
Pituitary tumors
-
Polyarteritis nodosa
-
Posterior cerebral artery stroke
-
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
-
Temporal/giant cell arteritis
-
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
-
Apert syndrome
-
Aplastic anemia
-
Brainstem syndromes
-
Cranial trauma
-
Coarctation of the aorta
-
Fanconi anemia
-
Irradiation injury
-
Leptospirosis
-
Marfan syndrome
-
Mitochondrial cytopathies
-
Parasellar tumors
-
Sickle cell disease
-
Tuberculosis
-
Turner syndrome
-
Vasculitis
-
Carotid disease and stroke
Differential Diagnoses
-
Fabry Disease
-
Schematic representation of the circle of Willis, arteries of the brain, and brain stem.