Overview
What are generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS)?
Which epilepsy syndromes are associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
How are generalized tonic-clonic seizures diagnosed and treated?
Which mechanisms initiate generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the pathophysiology of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of the brainstem in the pathogenesis of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What causes generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the prevalence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the morbidity associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What are the mortality rates for generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What are sources of patient education for generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Presentation
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which physical findings are characteristic of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What are the signs and symptoms of the tonic phase of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What are the signs and symptoms of the clonic phase of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What are the signs and symptoms of the postictal state of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What are the possible complications of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
DDX
What are the differential diagnoses for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures?
Workup
Which tests are performed in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which interictal EEG findings suggest generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which ictal EEG findings suggest generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which postictal EEG findings suggest generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of prolactin studies in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of lab testing in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of CT scanning in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of MRI in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of PET scanning in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of genetic testing in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of ambulatory video EEG in the workup of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Treatment
How are generalized tonic-clonic seizures treated?
What is the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
What is the role of ketogenic diet in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which activity modifications are used in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which surgical procedures are used in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Which dietary modifications are used in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Medications
What are goals of drug treatment for generalized tonic-clonic seizures?