Epilepsy and Seizures Questions & Answers

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12. Hosford DA, Clark S, Cao Z, et al. The role of GABAB receptor activation in absence seizures of lethargic (lh/lh) mice. Science. 1992 Jul 17. 257(5068):398-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Hagberg B, Hanefeld F, Percy A, Skjeldal O. An update on clinically applicable diagnostic criteria in Rett syndrome. Comments to Rett Syndrome Clinical Criteria Consensus Panel Satellite to European Paediatric Neurology Society Meeting, Baden Baden, Germany, 11 September 2001. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2002. 6(5):293-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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17. Kao A, Mariani J, McDonald-McGinn DM, Maisenbacher MK, Brooks-Kayal AR, Zackai EH, et al. Increased prevalence of unprovoked seizures in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Aug 15. 129A(1):29-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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20. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Rocca WA. Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Jun. 71(6):576-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Hirsch LJ, Donner EJ, So EL, Jacobs M, Nashef L, Noebels JL, et al. Abbreviated report of the NIH/NINDS workshop on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Neurology. 2011 May 31. 76(22):1932-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Luders H, Acharya J, Baumgartner C, et al. Semiological seizure classification. Epilepsia. 1998 Sep. 39(9):1006-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Loddenkemper T, Kellinghaus C, Wyllie E, Najm IM, Gupta A, Rosenow F. A proposal for a five-dimensional patient-oriented epilepsy classification. Epileptic Disord. 2005 Dec. 7(4):308-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Engel J Jr. Report of the ILAE classification core group. Epilepsia. 2006 Sep. 47(9):1558-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Wolf P. Basic principles of the ILAE syndrome classification. Epilepsy Res. 2006 Aug. 70 suppl 1:S20-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr. 51(4):676-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Engel J Jr. A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2001 Jun. 42(6):796-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Wolf P. Of cabbages and kings: some considerations on classifications, diagnostic schemes, semiology, and concepts. Epilepsia. 2003 Jan. 44(1):1-4; discussion 4-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Beghi E. The concept of the epilepsy syndrome: how useful is it in clinical practice?. Epilepsia. 2009 May. 50 suppl 5:4-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. [Guideline] Chen DK, So YT, Fisher RS. Use of serum prolactin in diagnosing epileptic seizures: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2005 Sep 13. 65(5):668-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D, Kwan P. Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy Treated With Established and New Antiepileptic Drugs: A 30-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Dec 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. First Seizure Trial Group (FIR.S.T Group). Randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in reducing the risk of relapse after a first unprovoked tonic-clonic seizure. Neurology. 1993 Mar. 43(3 pt 1):478-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al, for the Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4. 362(9):790-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Ng YT, Conry JA, Drummond R, Stolle J, Weinberg MA. Randomized, phase III study results of clobazam in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. 2011 Oct 11. 77(15):1473-1481. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bastings E. New drug application (NDA) approval letter: Qudexy XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules. NDA no. 205122. Available at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2014/205122Orig1s000ltr.pdf. Accessed: March 14, 2014.

36. Qudexy XR: FDA approval labeling text dated March 11, 2014. Available at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205122s000lbl.pdf. Accessed: March 14, 2014.

37. Jeffrey S. FDA okays another extended-release topiramate for epilepsy. Medscape Medical News. March 13, 2014. [Full Text].

38. Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. Upsher-Smith receives FDA approval for Qudexy XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules [press release]. March 12, 2014. Available at http://www.upsher-smith.com/wp-content/uploads/108885.01-QXR-PR-FDA-Approval-FINAL.pdf. Accessed: March 14, 2014.

39. Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, Villanueva V, Wirrell EC, Privitera M, et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 17. 378 (20):1888-1897. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, Benbadis SR, Joshi C, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018 Mar 17. 391 (10125):1085-1096. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Thiele E, Bebin EM, Bhathal H, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) treatment in patients with seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (GWPCARE6) (Abst 1.293). Presented at the American Epilepsy Society 73rd Annual Meeting. 2019 Dec 6-10. Baltimore, MD. [Full Text].

42. Diacomit (stiripentol) [package insert]. France: Biocodex. August, 2018. Available at [Full Text].

43. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al, for the SANAD Study group. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24. 369(9566):1016-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Brooks M. Levetiracetam Taken in Pregnancy Found Safe for Child Neurodevelopment. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/818902. Accessed: January 16, 214.

45. Shallcross R, Bromley RL, Cheyne CP, García-Fiñana M, Irwin B, Morrow J, et al. In utero exposure to levetiracetam vs valproate: Development and language at 3 years of age. Neurology. 2014 Jan 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves Fycompa to treat seizures. October 22, 2012. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm325038.htm. Accessed: Sept 19, 2013.

47. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF, et al. Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 18. 313(3):145-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. The Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Study No. 264 Group. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 10. 327(11):765-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF, et al, for the VA Cooperative Study 428 Group. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14. 64(11):1868-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al, for the SANAD Study Group. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24. 369(9566):1000-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al, for the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the AAN; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the AAN; and AES. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27. 62(8):1252-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al for the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the AAN; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the AAN; and AES. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs, II: treatment of refractory epilepsy. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27. 62(8):1261-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Herman AO. Anti-seizure drug linked to retinal abnormalities, skin discoloration. Physician's First Watch. April 29, 2013. [Full Text].

54. Jeffrey S. FDA Label Changes Underline Risks With Ezogabine. Medscape Medical News. Oct 31 2013. [Full Text].

55. FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA approves label changes for anti-seizure drug Potiga (ezogabine) describing risk of retinal abnormalities, potential vision loss, and skin discoloration. US Food and Drug Administration. Oct 31 2013. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm372774.htm.

56. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, Brodie MJ, Allen Hauser W, Mathern G, et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2010 Jun. 51(6):1069-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Ramos-Lizana J, Rodriguez-Lucenilla MI, Aguilera-López P, Aguirre-Rodríguez J, Cassinello-García E. A study of drug-resistant childhood epilepsy testing the new ILAE criteria. Seizure. 2012 May. 21(4):266-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Ztalmy (ganaxolone) [package insert]. Pador, PA: Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. March 2022. Available at [Full Text].

59. Iorio R, Assenza G, Della Marca G, et al. Neural autoantibodies and immunotherapy-responsive epilepsy: a prospective study [abstract 1956]. Presented at: XXI World Congress of Neurology (WNC), 2013; September 22, 2013; Vienna, Austria. [Full Text].

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David Y Ko, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine

David Y Ko, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: SK<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Eisai, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Supernus, UCB.

Selim R Benbadis, MD Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Bioserenity, Ceribell, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, Neuropace, SK life science, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Aquestive, Bioserenity, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, SK life science, Stratus, Sunovion, UCB<br/>Received research grant from: Cerevel Therapeutics, Ovid Therapeutics, Neuropace, Greenwich Jazz, SK Life Science, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Marinus, Neuroelectrics Corporation, Longboard, Janssen, Equilibre Biopharmaceuticals.

Jose E Cavazos, MD, PhD, FAAN, FANA, FACNS Professor with Tenure, Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Assistant Dean for the MD/PhD Program, Program Director of the Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio; Co-Director, South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, University Hospital System; Director, San Antonio Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Center of Excellence and Neurodiagnostic Centers, Audie L Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Jose E Cavazos, MD, PhD, FAAN, FANA, FACNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, American Neurological Association, and Society for Neuroscience

Disclosure: LGCH, Inc Ownership interest Consulting

Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Southwestern Medical School; Director, North Texas TBI Research Center, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Parkland Memorial Hospital

Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, New York Academy of Sciences, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Spitz, MD Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Mark Spitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, and American Epilepsy Society

Disclosure: pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; ucb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; lumdbeck Honoraria Consulting

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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