Euthyroid Sick Syndrome Questions & Answers

1. Lee S, Farwell AP. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome. Compr Physiol. 2016 Mar 15. 6 (2):1071-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Ganesan K, Wadud K. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome. StatPearls. 2020 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the euthyroid sick syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Jun. 138 (6):603-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. de Vries EM, Fliers E, Boelen A. The molecular basis of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol. 2015 Jun. 225 (3):R67-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Sagar GD, Gereben B, Callebaut I, Mornon JP, Zeöld A, da Silva WS, et al. Ubiquitination-induced conformational change within the deiodinase dimer is a switch regulating enzyme activity. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jul. 27 (13):4774-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Fekete C, Sarkar S, Christoffolete MA, Emerson CH, Bianco AC, Lechan RM. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is independent of the LPS-induced fall in serum thyroid hormone levels. Brain Res. 2005 Sep 14. 1056 (1):97-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Fekete C, Gereben B, Doleschall M, Harney JW, Dora JM, Bianco AC, et al. Lipopolysaccharide induces type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus: implications for the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Endocrinology. 2004 Apr. 145 (4):1649-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Zeöld A, Doleschall M, Haffner MC, Capelo LP, Menyhért J, Liposits Z, et al. Characterization of the nuclear factor-kappa B responsiveness of the human dio2 gene. Endocrinology. 2006 Sep. 147 (9):4419-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Gereben B, Zeöld A, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Bianco AC. Activation and inactivation of thyroid hormone by deiodinases: local action with general consequences. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Feb. 65 (4):570-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Yu J, Koenig RJ. Induction of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase to prevent the nonthyroidal illness syndrome in mice. Endocrinology. 2006 Jul. 147(7):3580-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Beigneux AP, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, et al. Sick euthyroid syndrome is associated with decreased TR expression and DNA binding in mouse liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jan. 284(1):E228-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Docter R, Krenning EP, de Jong M, Hennemann G. The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993 Nov. 39(5):499-518. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Melmed S, Geola FL, Reed AW, et al. A comparison of methods for assessing thyroid function in nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982 Feb. 54(2):300-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Fliers E, Guldenaar SE, Wiersinga WM, Swaab DF. Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Dec. 82 (12):4032-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Tognini S, Marchini F, Dardano A, et al. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome and short-term survival in a hospitalised older population. Age Ageing. 2010 Jan. 39(1):46-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Bello G, Pennisi MA, Montini L, et al. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome and prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to the ICU. Chest. 2009 Jun. 135(6):1448-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Swistek M, Broncel M, Gorzelak-Pabis P, Morawski P, Fabis M, Wozniak E. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome as a Prognostic Indicator of COVID-19 Pulmonary Involvement, Associated With Poorer Disease Prognosis and Increased Mortality. Endocr Pract. 2022 May. 28 (5):494-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Wang J, Yuan W, Dong R, Liu N, Liu D, Zhou Y. Predictors for euthyroid sick syndrome and its impact on in-hospital clinical outcomes in high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Perfusion. 2019 Nov. 34 (8):679-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Petrone A, Mormile F, Bruni G, Quartieri M, Bonsignore MR, Marrone O. Abnormal thyroid hormones and non-thyroidal illness syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea, and effects of CPAP treatment. Sleep Med. 2016 Jul. 23:21-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Gangemi EN, Garino F, Berchialla P, et al. Low triiodothyronine serum levels as a predictor of poor prognosis in burn patients. Burns. 2008 Sep. 34(6):817-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Velissaris T, Tang AT, Wood PJ, et al. Thyroid function during coronary surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009 Jul. 36(1):148-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Michalaki M, Vagenakis AG, Makri M. Dissociation of the early decline in serum T(3) concentration and serum IL-6 rise and TNFalpha in nonthyroidal illness syndrome induced by abdominal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Sep. 86(9):4198-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Pimentel CR, Miano FA, Perone D, et al. Reverse T(3) as a parameter of myocardial function impairment in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2009 May 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Iglesias P, Díez JJ. Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Apr. 160(4):503-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Hekmat R, Javadi Z, Layghian Javan M, et al. Thyroid hormone changes in early kidney transplantation and its correlation with delayed graft function. Urol J. 2010 Winter. 7(1):30-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Unachukwu CN, Uchenna DI, Young EE. Endocrine and metabolic disorders associated with human immune deficiency virus infection. West Afr J Med. 2009 Jan. 28(1):3-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Kami M, Tanaka Y, Chiba S, et al. Thyroid function after bone marrow transplantation: possible association between immune-mediated thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Transplantation. 2001 Feb 15. 71(3):406-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Casulari LA, Mangieri P, Naves LA, et al. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to intracranial aneurysm. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004 Mar. 62(1):26-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Premachandra BN, Kabir MA, Williams IK. Low T3 syndrome in psychiatric depression. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jun. 29(6):568-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. De Groot LJ. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies. Crit Care Clin. 2006 Jan. 22(1):57-86, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Zhang JQ, Yang QY, Xue FS, et al. Preoperative oral thyroid hormones to prevent euthyroid sick syndrome and attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Sep. 97 (36):e12100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Li R, Ren J, Wu Q, et al. Role of enteral nutrition in nonthyroidal illness syndrome: a retrospective observational study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2015 Nov 4. 15:69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Rothberger GD, Gadhvi S, Michelakis N, Kumar A, Calixte R, Shapiro LE. Usefulness of Serum Triiodothyronine (T3) to Predict Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 2017 Feb 15. 119 (4):599-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Iglesias P, Munoz A, Prado F, et al. Serum thyrotropin concentration is an early marker of normalization of low T3 syndrome in aged hospitalized patients after discharge. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010 Feb 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Serhat Aytug, MD, FACE Endocrinologist, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, St Jude Heritage Medical Group; Associate Professor of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Council of Higher Education of Turkey

Serhat Aytug, MD, FACE is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence E Shapiro, MD Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital

Lawrence E Shapiro, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Thyroid Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Don S Schalch, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics

Don S Schalch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven R Gambert, MD Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director of Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center

Steven R Gambert, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Endocrine Society, Gerontological Society of America, Association of Professors of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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