Restless Legs Syndrome Questions & Answers

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3. Gamaldo CE, Earley CJ. Restless legs syndrome: a clinical update. Chest. 2006 Nov. 130(5):1596-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Hening WA. Restless Legs Syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 1999 Sep. 1(4):309-319. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Ferreri F, Rossini PM. Neurophysiological investigations in restless legs syndrome and other disorders of movement during sleep. Sleep Med. 2004 Jul. 5(4):397-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Restless legs syndrome. detection and management in primary care. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Restless Legs Syndrome. Am Fam Phys. 2000 Jul 1. 62(1):108-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Evidente VG, Adler CH. How to help patients with restless legs syndrome. Discerning the indescribable and relaxing the restless. Postgrad Med. 1999 Mar. 105(3):59-61, 65-6, 73-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Silber MH. Restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997 Mar. 72(3):261-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 5th. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. 410-3.

10. Takaki J, Nishi T, Nangaku M, et al. Clinical and psychological aspects of restless legs syndrome in uremic patients on hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Apr. 41(4):833-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, et al. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003 Mar. 4(2):121-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Weinstock LB, Walters AS, Paueksakon P. Restless legs syndrome - Theoretical roles of inflammatory and immune mechanisms. Sleep Med Rev. 2012 Jan 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Winkelman JW. Considering the causes of RLS. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Oct. 13 Suppl 3:8-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Restless legs syndrome: a review of clinical and pathophysiologic features. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Mar. 18(2):128-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Jhoo JH, Yoon IY, Kim YK, Chung S, Kim JM, Lee SB. Availability of brain serotonin transporters in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 2010 Feb 9. 74(6):513-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Trenkwalder C, Hogl B, Winkelmann J. Recent advances in the diagnosis, genetics and treatment of restless legs syndrome. J Neurol. 2009 Apr. 256(4):539-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Cesnik E, Casetta I, Turri M, Govoni V, Granieri E, Strambi LF, et al. Transient RLS during pregnancy is a risk factor for the chronic idiopathic form. Neurology. 2010 Dec 7. 75(23):2117-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C, et al. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Jan 26. 164(2):196-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Kutner NG, Zhang R, Huang Y, Bliwise DL. Racial differences in restless legs symptoms and serum ferritin in an incident dialysis patient cohort. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012 Jan 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Abetz L, Allen R, Follet A, et al. Evaluating the quality of life of patients with restless legs syndrome. Clin Ther. 2004 Jun. 26(6):925-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Ekbom K, Ulfberg J. Restless legs syndrome. J Intern Med. 2009 Nov. 266(5):419-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Simakajornboon N, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Diagnosis and management of restless legs syndrome in children. Sleep Med Rev. 2009 Apr. 13(2):149-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Kotagal S, Silber MH. Childhood-onset restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2004 Dec. 56(6):803-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Lane RM. SSRI-induced extrapyramidal side-effects and akathisia: implications for treatment. J Psychopharmacol. 1998. 12(2):192-214. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Hattan E, Chalk C, Postuma RB. Is there a higher risk of restless legs syndrome in peripheral neuropathy?. Neurology. 2009 Mar 17. 72(11):955-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Jeffrey S. FDA Okays First Device for Restless Legs Syndrome. Medscape Medical News. May 30 2014. [Full Text].

27. Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology. 1999 Mar 23. 52(5):938-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Ondo W. Ropinirole for restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 1999 Jan. 14(1):138-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Giorgi L, Asgharian A, Hunter B. Ropinirole in Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome and Baseline IRLS Total Scores =24: Efficacy and Tolerability in a 26-Week, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Study Followed by a 40-Week Open-Label Extension. Clin Ther. 2013 Aug 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Baldwin CM, Keating GM. Rotigotine transdermal patch: in restless legs syndrome. CNS Drugs. 2008. 22(10):797-806. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Bogan RK, Bornemann MA, Kushida CA, Trân PV, Barrett RW. Long-term maintenance treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin enacarbil: a randomized controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jun. 85(6):512-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Silber MH, Winkelman JW, Earley CJ, Högl B, et al. The long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: evidence-based guidelines and clinical consensus best practice guidance: a report from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med. 2013 Jul. 14(7):675-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Grote L, Leissner L, Hedner J, Ulfberg J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-center study of intravenous iron sucrose and placebo in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2009 Jul 30. 24(10):1445-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Shinno H, Yamanaka M, Ishikawa I, Danjo S, Nakamura Y, Inami Y. Successful treatment of restless legs syndrome with the herbal prescription Yokukansan. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 1. 34(1):252-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Oscroft NS, Smith IE. Oral glucocorticosteroids: effective in a case of restless legs syndrome resistant to other therapies. Sleep Med. 2010 Jun. 11(6):596. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Giannaki CD, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Karatzaferi C, Maridaki MD, Koutedakis Y, Founta P, et al. A single-blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of 6 months of progressive aerobic exercise training in patients with uraemic restless legs syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 Aug 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Silber MH, Winkelman JW, Earley CJ, Högl B, et al. The long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: evidence-based guidelines and clinical consensus best practice guidance: a report from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med. 2013 Jul. 14 (7):675-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Zhou X, Du J, Liang Y, Dai C, Zhao L, Liu X, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacological Treatments for Restless Legs Syndrome: Systemic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci. 2021. 15:751643. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Anderson P. Restless Legs Syndrome Linked to Higher Mortality. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805712. Accessed: Jun 19 2013.

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Ali M Bozorg, MD Assistant Professor, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine

Ali M Bozorg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Epilepsy Society, American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Cyberonics for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from UCB, Inc. for speaking and teaching.

Selim R Benbadis, MD Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Association

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Jose E Cavazos, MD, PhD, FAAN Associate Professor with Tenure, Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Program Director of the Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio; Co-Director, South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, University Hospital System; Director of the San Antonio Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Center of Excellence and Neurodiagnostic Centers, Audie L Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center

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Juan Latorre, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

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