Shields SR. Managing eye disease in primary care. Part 2. How to recognize and treat common eye problems. Postgrad Med. 2000 Oct. 108(5):83-6, 91-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wirbelauer C. Management of the red eye for the primary care physician. Am J Med. 2006 Apr. 119(4):302-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T. Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 15. 81(2):137-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Aslam TM, Tan SZ, Dhillon B. Iris recognition in the presence of ocular disease. J R Soc Interface. 2009 May 6. 6(34):489-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Pong JC, Lam DK, Lai JS. Spontaneous subconjunctival haemorrhage secondary to carotid-cavernous fistula. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2008 Jan-Feb. 36(1):90-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Quezada AA, Shields CL, Wagner RS, Demirci H, Caputo AR, Shields JA. Lymphangioma of the conjunctiva and nasal cavity in a child presenting with diffuse subconjunctival hemorrhage and nosebleeds. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2007 May-Jun. 44(3):180-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rhee DJ. Subconjunctival hemorrhage. Wills Eye Manual: Office & Emergency Room Diagnosis & Treatment of Eye Disease. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. 130-131.
van Heuven WAJ. Subconjunctival hemorrhage. Decision Making in Ophthalmology: An Algorithmic Approach. Mosby-Year Book; 2000. 66-67.
Mimura T, Usui T, Yamagami S, Funatsu H, Noma H, Honda N, et al. Recent causes of subconjunctival hemorrhage. Ophthalmologica. 2010. 224(3):133-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mimura T, Yamagami S, Mori M, Funatsu H, Usui T, Noma H, et al. Contact lens-induced subconjunctival hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Nov. 150(5):656-665.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Knopf HL, Carter K, Prokopius MJ. Recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhage. Compr Ophthalmol Update. 2006 May-Jun. 7(3):155-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bodack MI. A warfarin-induced subconjunctival hemorrhage. Optometry. 2007 Mar. 78(3):113-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fraunfelder FT. Drug Induced Ocular Side Effects and Drug Interactions. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1989.
Spitzer SG, Luorno J, Noël LP. Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma. J AAPOS. 2005 Feb. 9(1):53-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lin SC, Kao SC, Tsai CC, Cheng CY, Kau HC, Hsu WM, et al. Clinical characteristics and factors associated the outcome of lacrimal canaliculitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011 Dec. 89 (8):759-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
A V P, Patil SS, Koti SV, J S A, Garag SS, Hegde JS. Clinico-bacteriological study of chronic dacryocystitis cases in northern karnataka, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Nov. 7 (11):2502-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Moore JE, Graham JE, Goodall EA, Dartt DA, Leccisotti A, McGilligan VE, et al. Concordance between common dry eye diagnostic tests. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Jan. 93(1):66-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mimura T, Yamagami S, Usui T, Funatsu H, Noma H, Honda N, et al. Location and extent of subconjunctival hemorrhage. Ophthalmologica. 2010. 224(2):90-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Russell SR, Olsen KR, Folk JC. Predictors of scleral rupture and the role of vitrectomy in severe blunt ocular trauma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988 Mar 15. 105(3):253-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pavan-Langston D. Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. 5th ed. 2007.
Fujishima H, Fukagawa K, Takano Y, et al. Comparison of efficacy of bromfenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution and fluorometholone 0.02% ophthalmic suspension for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jun. 25(3):265-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Calderón M, Brandt T. Treatment of grass pollen allergy: focus on a standardized grass allergen extract - Grazax®. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Dec. 4(6):1255-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Torkildsen GL, Gomes P, Welch D, Gopalan G, Srinivasan S. Evaluation of desloratadine on conjunctival allergen challenge-induced ocular symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Jul. 39(7):1052-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kunimoto DY, Kanitkar KD, Makar M. The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease. 2008.

Media Gallery

Follicular conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage.
Symblepharon secondary to epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
Blepharitis. Courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.
Scleritis. Courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.
Acute dacryocystitis.
Canaliculitis of the left lower lid. Courtesy of Peter Rubin, MD, Director, Eye Plastics Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School.
Corneal abrasion.
This photograph depicts a child with a bilateral eye condition known as interstitial keratitis (IK), a stigma related to congenital syphilis.
Conjunctivitis. Courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.

of 9

Author

Robert H Graham, MD Consultant, Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona

Robert H Graham, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, Arizona Ophthalmological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Vivian R Monsanto, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Ophthalmologist, NYU Langone Health

Vivian R Monsanto, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Norvin Perez, MD Medical Director, Juneau Urgent and Family Care

Norvin Perez, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center

Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Gino A Farina, MD Program Director, Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Gino A Farina, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine