Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Atopic Dermatitis Guidelines

1. Rapoza PA, Chandler JW. Atopic dermatitis. Weingeist T, Gould D, eds. The Eye in Systemic Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990. 606-609.

2. Shen CP, Xing H, Ma L. [Research advances in atopic dermatitis]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2009 Feb. 31(1):103-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Marta Pietruszyńska, Anna Zawadzka-Krajewska, Patrycja Duda, Monika Rogowska, Iwona Grabska-Liberek, and Marek Kulus. Ophthalmic manifestations of atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2020 Apr. 37(2):174-179. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology. 1993. 186:23-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Harrison RJ, Klouda PT, Easty DL, Manku M, Charles J, Stewart CM. Association between keratoconus and atopy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989 Oct. 73(10):816-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bawazeer A, Hodge W, Lorimer B. Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis. r J Ophthalmol. 2000. 84:834–6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Sugar J, Macsai MS. What causes keratoconus?. Cornea. 2012. 31:716-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Mashor RS, Kumar NL, Ritenour RJ, Rootman DS. Keratoconus caused by eye rubbing in patients with Tourette syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol. 2011. 46:83-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Rahi A, Davies P, Ruben M, Lobascher D, Menon J. Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977. 61:761-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. De Smedt S, Wildner G, Kestelyn P. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: an update. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013 Jan. 97(1):9-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Weber AC, Chundury RV, Perry JD, Sundar G. Entropion. AAO EyeWiki. Available at https://eyewiki.aao.org/Entropion. 2021 Feb 13; Accessed: July 10 2021.

12. Phelps PO, Belliveau MJ, Vargason CW, Goel S, Yen MT, Marcet MM, et al. Ectropion. AAO EyeWiki. Available at https://eyewiki.aao.org/Ectropion. 2020 Nov 24; Accessed: July 10, 2021.

13. Sasoh M, Mizutani H, Matsubara H, Furuta M, Matsui Y, Yamanaka K, et al. Incidence of retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis in Japan: review of cases from 1992 to 2011. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015 Jun 23. 9:1129-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Taniguchi H, Ohki O, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Tanaka A, Kiyosawa M, et al. Cataract and retinal detachment in patients with severe atopic dermatitis who were withdrawn from the use of topical corticosteroid. J Dermatol. 1999 Oct. 26(10):658-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Hida T, Tano Y, Okinami S, Ogino N, Inoue M. Multicenter retrospective study of retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000 Jul-Aug. 44(4):407-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Kadoi C. Cataract progression in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999 Jan. 25(1):96-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. Sasabe T, Suwa Y, Kawamura T, Aoki T. [Cataracts occur in patients with atopic dermatitis when the serum IgE increases]. 1997 May. 101(5):389-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Thyssen JP, Toft PB, Halling-Overgaard AS, Gislason GH, Skov L, Egeberg A. Incidence, prevalence, and risk of selected ocular disease in adults with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Aug. 77(2):280-286. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Takakuwa K, Hamanaka T, Mori K, Chin S, Shinmei Y, Funaki T, et al. Atopic Glaucoma: Clinical and Pathophysiological Analysis. J Glaucoma. 2015 Dec. 24(9):662-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Jung T, Stingl G. Atopic dermatitis: therapeutic concepts evolving from new pathophysiologic insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Dec. 122(6):1074-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Beck KM, Seitzman GD, Yang EJ, Sanchez IM, Liao W. Ocular Co-Morbidities of Atopic Dermatitis. Part I: Associated Ocular Diseases. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019 Dec. 20 (6):797-805. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bezan DJ. Eye itch. Bezan DJ, Larussa FP, Nishimoto JH, et al, eds. Differential Diagnosis in Primary Eye Care. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999. 67-71.

23. Brenninkmeijer EE, Legierse CM, Sillevis Smitt JH, Last BF, Grootenhuis MA, Bos JD. The course of life of patients with childhood atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009 Jan-Feb. 26(1):14-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Nutten S. Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015. 66 Suppl 1:8-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Carmi E, Defossez-Tribout C, Ganry O, Cene S, Tramier B, Milazzo S, et al. Ocular complications of atopic dermatitis in children. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006. 86 (6):515-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Kaujalgi R, Handa S, Jain A, Kanwar AJ. Ocular abnormalities in atopic dermatitis in Indian patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009 Mar-Apr. 75 (2):148-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Silverberg JI, Barbarot S, Gadkari A, Simpson EL, Weidinger S, Mina-Osorio P, et al. Atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population: A cross-sectional, international epidemiologic study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021 Apr. 126 (4):417-428.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Bagheri N, Wajda B, Calvo C, Durrani A. The Will's Eye Manual. 7th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2016.

29. Hanifin JM. Atopic dermatitis: broadening the perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jul. 51(1 Suppl):S23-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Bielory B, Bielory L. Atopic dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2010 Aug. 30(3):323-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Cornish KS, Gregory ME, Ramaesh K. Systemic cyclosporin A in severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2010 Sep-Oct. 20(5):844-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Hsu JI, Pflugfelder SC, Kim SJ. Ocular complications of atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2019 Sep. 104 (3):189-193. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Bunya VY, Garff K, Nallasamy N. Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis. EyeWiki. Available at https://eyewiki.aao.org/Atopic_Keratoconjunctivitis. 2021 March 29; Accessed: 2021 June 20.

34. Clark RAF, Kristal L. Atopic dermatitis. Sams J, Lynch PJ, eds. Principles and Practice of Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1996. 403-418.

35. Anderson PC, Dinulos JG. Atopic dermatitis and alternative management strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009 Feb. 21(1):131-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Gagnon L. FDA Approves Verkazia for Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis, an Allergic Eye Disease. Medscape. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953874?src=WNL_mdpls_210706_mscpedit_opth&uac=193997DV&spon=36&impID=3489569&faf=1. 2021 June 28; Accessed: July 10, 2021.

37. Maeng MM, De Moraes CG, Winn BJ, Dagi LRG. Effect of Topical Periocular Steroid Use on Intraocular Pressure: A Retrospective Analysis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 Feb 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Kaujalgi R, Handa S, Jain A, Kanwar AJ. Ocular abnormalities in atopic dermatitis in Indian patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009 Mar-Apr. 75(2):148-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Suda K, Akagi T, Ikeda HO, Kameda T, Hasegawa T, Miyake M, et al. Atopic dermatitis as a risk factor for severe visual field loss in youth-a retrospective cohort study of glaucoma under steroid treatment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021 Jan. 259 (1):129-136. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Beck KM, Seitzman GD, Yang EJ, Sanchez IM, Liao W. Ocular Co-Morbidities of Atopic Dermatitis. Part II: Ocular Disease Secondary to Treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019 Dec. 20 (6):807-815. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Bansal, Ashish, Simpson, Eric L., Paller, Amy S., et al. Conjunctivitis in Dupilumab Clinical Trials for Adolescents with Atopic Dermatitis or Asthma. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2021. 22(1):101-115. (15p).

42. Yamane, Maya L. M., Belsito, Donald V., Glass, Lora R. Dagi. Two differing presentations of periocular dermatitis as a side effect of dupilumab for atopic dermatitis. Orbit. Oct2019. Vol. 38 Issue 5:p390-394. 5p.

Sara Fard, MD Resident Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Long School of Medicine

Sara Fard, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sehwa Nick Kang MD Candidate, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Long School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Constance L Fry, MD Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine; Associate Preceptor, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Oculofacial Fellowship, Medical Director, MARC Ophthalmology Clinic, Director, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and Ophthalmic Oncology, UT Health San Antonio

Constance L Fry, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Master Teachers, UTMB Health, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association of Ophthalmic Oncologists and Pathologists, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Research to Prevent Blindness, San Antonio Society of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Christopher J Rapuano, MD Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Director of the Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital

Christopher J Rapuano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Ophthalmological Society, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Cornea Society, Eye Bank Association of America, International Society of Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: AAO; OMIC; American Society of Ophthalmic Trauma (ASOT); Avellino, Baxis; Bio-Tissue; Celularity; Dompe; Emmecell; Glaukos; Kala; Oyster Point; Sun Ophthalmics; Tarsus; TearLab<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Glaukos; Dompe; Bio-Tissue<br/>Received research grant from: Glaukos<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: AAO; OMIC; Baxis; Bio-Tissue; Cellularity; Dompe; Glaukos; Kala; Sun Ophthalmics; TearLab<br/>stock options for: RPS, Fount Bio.

Hampton Roy, Sr, MD † Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy, Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jack L Wilson, PhD Distinguished Professor, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Jack L Wilson, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Anatomists, American Heart Association, American Association of Clinical Anatomists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

R Scott Lowery, MD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital

R Scott Lowery, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Arkansas Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article