Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Kaposi Sarcoma Differential Diagnoses

1. Kaposi M. Idiopathisches multiple Pigment-sarkom der Haut. Arch Dermatol. Syphilol. 1872:4. [Medline].

2. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, et al. Surveillance for AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses, 1992-1997. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1999 Apr 16. 48(2):1-22. [Medline].

3. Holland GN, Gottlieb MS, Yee RD, et al. Ocular disorders associated with a new severe acquired cellular immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982 Apr. 93(4):393-402. [Medline].

4. Mowatt L. Ophthalmic manifestations of HIV in the highly active anti-retroviral therapy era. West Indian Med J. 2013. 62(4):305-12. [Medline].

5. Becker KN, Becker NM. Ocular manifestations seen in HIV. Dis Mon. 2014 Jun. 60(6):268-75. [Medline].

6. Verma V, Shen D, Sieving PC, Chan CC. The role of infectious agents in the etiology of ocular adnexal neoplasia. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul-Aug. 53(4):312-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science. 1994 Dec 16. 266(5192):1865-9. [Medline].

8. Pantry SN, Medveczky PG. Epigenetic regulation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication. Semin Cancer Biol. 2009 Jun. 19(3):153-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. Ye F, Zhou F, Bedolla RG, Jones T, Lei X, Kang T, et al. Reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide mediates Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reactivation from latency. PLoS Pathog. 2011 May. 7(5):e1002054. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Sakakibara S, Tosato G. Viral interleukin-6: role in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: associated malignancies. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011 Nov. 31(11):791-801. [Medline]. [Full Text].

11. Ye F, Lei X, Gao SJ. Mechanisms of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency and Reactivation. Adv Virol. 2011. 2011:[Medline]. [Full Text].

12. Traylen CM, Patel HR, Fondaw W, et al. Virus reactivation: a panoramic view in human infections. Future Virol. 2011 Apr. 6(4):451-463. [Medline]. [Full Text].

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: AIDS--United States, 2000. JAMA. 2002 Aug 14. 288(6):691-2. [Medline].

14. Mansour AM. Adnexal findings in AIDS. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Dec. 9(4):273-9. [Medline].

15. Gigase PL, de Muynck A, de Feyter M. Kaposi's sarcoma in Zaire. IARC Sci Publ. 1984. 549-57. [Medline].

16. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. Kaposi sarcoma in unusual locations. BMC Cancer. 2008. 8:190. [Medline]. [Full Text].

17. Dugel PU, Gill PS, Frangieh GT, Rao NA. Ocular adnexal Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990 Nov 15. 110(5):500-3. [Medline].

18. Meyers D. Eye signs that alert the clinician to a diagnosis of AIDS. SADJ. 2005. 60:386-387. [Medline].

19. Emina MO, Odjimogho SE. Ocular problems in HIV and AIDS patients in Nigeria. Optom Vis Sci. 2010 Dec. 87(12):979-84. [Medline].

20. [Guideline] Mofenson LM, Brady MT, Danner SP, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Sep 4. 58:1-166. [Medline]. [Full Text].

21. Macken M, Dale H, Moyo D, Chakmata E, Depani S, Israels T, et al. Triple therapy of vincristine, bleomycin and etoposide for children with Kaposi sarcoma: Results of a study in Malawian children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018 Feb. 65 (2):[Medline].

22. Hoffmann C, Sabranski M, Esser S. HIV-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma. Oncol Res Treat. 2017. 40 (3):94-98. [Medline]. [Full Text].

23. Brasnu E, Wechsler B, Bron A, et al. Efficacy of interferon-alpha for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-associated uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 Oct. 140(4):746-8. [Medline].

24. Hummer J, Gass JD, Huang AJ. Conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma treated with interferon alpha-2a. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993 Oct 15. 116(4):502-3. [Medline].

25. Qureshi YA, Karp CL, Dubovy SR. Intralesional interferon alpha-2b therapy for adnexal Kaposi sarcoma. Cornea. 2009 Sep. 28(8):941-3. [Medline].

26. Hermans P. Epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical presentations and therapeutic approaches in Kaposi's sarcoma: 15-year lessons from AIDS. Biomed Pharmacother. 1998. 52(10):440-6. [Medline].

27. Samaniego F, Bryant JL, Liu N, et al. Induction of programmed cell death in Kaposi's sarcoma cells by preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jan 20. 91(2):135-43. [Medline].

28. Simonart T, Noel JC, Andrei G, et al. Iron as a potential co-factor in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma?. Int J Cancer. 1998 Dec 9. 78(6):720-6. [Medline].

29. Hermans P, Clumeck N, Picard O, et al. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma patients with visceral manifestations. Response to human chorionic gonadotropin preparations. J Hum Virol. 1998 Jan-Feb. 1(2):82-9. [Medline].

30. Bailey J, Pluda JM, Foli A, et al. Phase I/II study of intermittent all-trans-retinoic acid, alone and in combination with interferon alfa-2a, in patients with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Aug. 13(8):1966-74. [Medline].

31. Dugel PU, Gill PS, Frangieh GT, Rao NA. Treatment of ocular adnexal Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1992 Jul. 99(7):1127-32. [Medline].

32. Korn BS, Park DJ, Kikkawa DO. Intralesional mitomycin-C for the treatment of conjunctival Kaposi sarcoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Jul-Aug. 27(4):e88-90. [Medline].

33. Shuler JD, Holland GN, Miles SA, et al. Kaposi sarcoma of the conjunctiva and eyelids associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Jun. 107(6):858-62. [Medline].

34. Jackson CC, Dickson MA, Sadjadi M, Gessain A, Abel L, Jouanguy E, et al. Kaposi Sarcoma of Childhood: Inborn or Acquired Immunodeficiency to Oncogenic HHV-8. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016 Mar. 63 (3):392-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

35. Gill PS, Wernz J, Scadden DT, et al. Randomized phase III trial of liposomal daunorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug. 14(8):2353-64. [Medline].

36. Northfelt DW, Dezube BJ, Thommes JA, et al. Efficacy of pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma after failure of standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Feb. 15(2):653-9. [Medline].

37. Welles L, Saville MW, Lietzau J, et al. Phase II trial with dose titration of paclitaxel for the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar. 16(3):1112-21. [Medline].

Jacqueline Freudenthal, MD Co-Investigator, Ophthalmic Consultants Centre, Toronto

Jacqueline Freudenthal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Canadian Ophthalmological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kevin Ryan Yuhan, MD Attending Physician, Cornea, Cataract, Refractive and External Diseases, Southern California Permanente Medical Group

Kevin Ryan Yuhan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Phi Beta Kappa, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Timothy T You, MD Consulting Surgeon in Ophthalmology, Private Practice

Timothy T You, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christopher J Rapuano, MD Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Director of the Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital

Christopher J Rapuano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Ophthalmological Society, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Cornea Society, Eye Bank Association of America, International Society of Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: AAO; OMIC; Bio-Tissue; Dompe; Glaukos; Novartis; Sun Ophthalmics; TearLab<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Glaukos; Dompe; Bio-Tissue; Novartis<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: AAO; OMIC; Bio-Tissue; Dompe; Glaukos; Novartis; Sun Ophthalmics; TearLab.

Edsel B Ing, MD, MPH, FRCSC Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Active Staff, Michael Garron Hospital (Toronto East Health Network)

Edsel B Ing, MD, MPH, FRCSC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, Canadian Society of Oculoplastic Surgery, Chinese Canadian Medical Society, European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, Ontario Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Statistical Society of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anastasios J Kanellopoulos, MD Assistant Program Director, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York University

Anastasios J Kanellopoulos, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Eye Bank Association of America, and International Society of Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article