Goiter Questions & Answers

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2. Doubleday AR, Sippel RS. Hyperthyroidism. Gland Surg. 2020 Feb. 9 (1):124-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Guth S, Theune U, Aberle J, Galach A, Bamberger CM. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009 Aug. 39(8):699-706. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Pinchot SN, Al-Wagih H, Schaefer S, Sippel R, Chen H. Accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for predicting neoplasm or carcinoma in thyroid nodules 4 cm or larger. Arch Surg. 2009 Jul. 144(7):649-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Triggiani V, Tafaro E, Giagulli VA, et al. Role of iodine, selenium and other micronutrients in thyroid function and disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Sep 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Dohan O, De la Vieja A, Paroder V, et al. The sodium/iodide Symporter (NIS): characterization, regulation, and medical significance. Endocr Rev. 2003 Feb. 24(1):48-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Sawin CT, Geller A, Hershman JM, Castelli W, Bacharach P. The aging thyroid. The use of thyroid hormone in older persons. JAMA. 1989 May 12. 261(18):2653-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Wickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977 Dec. 7(6):481-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Cossu A, Budroni M, Paliogiannis P, et al. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer in an area of epidemic thyroid goiter. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2013. 2013:584768. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Sorensen JR, Lauridsen JF, Dossing H, et al. Thyroidectomy Improves Tracheal Anatomy and Airflow in Patients with Nodular Goiter: A Prospective Cohort Study. Eur Thyroid J. 2017 Nov. 6 (6):307-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Sorensen JR, Watt T, Cramon P, et al. Quality of life after thyroidectomy in patients with nontoxic nodular goiter: A prospective cohort study. Head Neck. 2017 Nov. 39 (11):2232-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Chaves N, Rodriguez MJ, Broekhuis JM, Chen HW, Bain PA, James BC. Quality of Life in Patients with Benign Non-Toxic Goiter After Surgical Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Surg. 2022 Jan 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Duarte GC, Tomimori EK, de Camargo RY, Catarino RM, Ferreira JE, Knobel M, et al. Excessive iodine intake and ultrasonographic thyroid abnormalities in schoolchildren. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr. 22(4):327-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Rasmussen LB, Schomburg L, Kohrle J, et al. Selenium status, thyroid volume, and multiple nodule formation in an area with mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Apr. 164(4):585-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Kelly BS, Govender P, Jeffers M, et al. Risk Stratification in Multinodular Goiter: A Retrospective Review of Sonographic Features, Histopathological Results, and Cancer Risk. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2017 Nov. 68 (4):425-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Li Y, Li Y, Zhou X. Total Thyroidectomy versus Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Bilateral Multinodular Nontoxic Goiter: A Meta-Analysis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2016. 78(3):167-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Finnerty BM, Gray KD, Ullmann TM, Zarnegar R, Fahey TJ 3rd, Beninato T. Frailty is More Predictive than Age for Complications After Thyroidectomy for Multinodular Goiter. World J Surg. 2020 Feb 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Frank ED, Park JS, Watson W, Chong E, Yang S, Simental AA. Total thyroidectomy: Safe and curative treatment option for hyperthyroidism. Head Neck. 2020 Mar 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Khan MN, Goljo E, Owen R, et al. Retrosternal Goiter: 30-Day Morbidity and Mortality in the Transcervical and Transthoracic Approaches. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 May 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Bove A, Di Renzo RM, D'Urbano G, et al. Preoperative risk factors in total thyroidectomy of substernal goiter. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016 Nov 28. 12:1805-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Wang P, Sun H, Shang L, Zhang Q, He Y, et al. Low Goiter Rate Associated with Small Average Thyroid Volume in Schoolchildren after the Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. PLoS One. 2015. 10 (10):e0141552. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Lee SJ, Lim GY, Kim JY, Chung MH. Diagnostic performance of thyroid ultrasonography screening in pediatric patients with a hypothyroid, hyperthyroid or euthyroid goiter. Pediatr Radiol. 2015 Aug 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

James R Mulinda, MD, FACP Consulting Staff, Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Associates, Inc

James R Mulinda, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Kent Wehmeier, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, St Louis University School of Medicine

Kent Wehmeier, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hypertension, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP (Retired) Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven R Gambert, MD Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director of Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center

Steven R Gambert, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Endocrine Society, Gerontological Society of America, Association of Professors of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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