Author
Tahira M Scholle, MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Division of Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine; Staff Ophthalmologist, Ben Taub Hospital
Tahira M Scholle, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Steve Charles, MD Founder and CEO of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Disclosure: Received royalty and consulting fees for: Alcon Laboratories.
Chief Editor
Andrew G Lee, MD Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital; Clinical Professor, Associate Program Director, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine; Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Clinical Associate Professor, University of Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine
Andrew G Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Geriatrics Society, Houston Neurological Society, Houston Ophthalmological Society, International Council of Ophthalmology, North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, Texas Ophthalmological Association
Disclosure: Received ownership interest from Credential Protection for other.
Additional Contributors
V Al Pakalnis, MD, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Chief of Ophthalmology, Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center
V Al Pakalnis, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, South Carolina Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Sherif M El-Harazi, MD, MPH Private Practice in Ophthalmology
Sherif M El-Harazi, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, International Society of Refractive Surgery
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Diego Calonje, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, Private Practice
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Igal Leibovitch, MD Consulting Staff, Oculoplastic and Orbital Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel
Igal Leibovitch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Ryan I Huffman, MD, with the literature review and referencing for this article.
