Medication Summary
The medical therapy for acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) is directed toward preparing the patient for surgical treatment. IOP must be returned to normal, and the cornea must be cleared before a definitive procedure can be undertaken. In AAC, several drugs from different classes are used simultaneously to accelerate and maximize their pressure-lowering effects.
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
Class Summary
Topical adrenergic agonists, or sympathomimetics, decrease aqueous production and reduce resistance to aqueous outflow. Adverse effects include dry mouth and hypersensitivity.
Brimonidine (Alphagan P)
Selective alpha2-receptor that reduces aqueous humor formation and possibly increases uveoscleral outflow.
Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Potent alpha-adrenergic agent selective for alpha2-receptors with minimal cross-reactivity to alpha1-receptors. Reduces IOP whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Selective alpha-adrenergic agonist without significant local anesthetic activity. Has minimal cardiovascular effect.
Beta-blockers
Class Summary
Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists decrease aqueous humor production by the ciliary body. Adverse effects of the beta-blockers are due to systemic absorption of the drug and include decreased cardiac output and bronchial constriction. In susceptible patients, this may cause bronchospasm, bradycardia, heart block, or hypotension. Pulse rate and blood pressure should be monitored in patients receiving topical beta-blocker therapy, and punctal occlusion may be performed after administration of the drops.
Levobunolol (Betagan)
Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production
Betaxolol ophthalmic (Betoptic-S)
Selectively blocks beta1-adrenergic receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors. Reduces IOP by reducing production of aqueous humor.
Timolol maleate (Timoptic, Timoptic XE, Istalol, Betimol)
May reduce elevated and normal IOP, with or without glaucoma, by reducing production of aqueous humor.
Miotic agents
Class Summary
Contract ciliary muscle, tightening the trabecular meshwork and allowing increased outflow of the aqueous. Miosis results from action of these drugs on pupillary sphincter. Adverse effects include brow ache, induced myopia, and decreased vision in low light.
Pilocarpine ophthalmic (Isopto Carpine)
A naturally occurring alkaloid, pilocarpine mimics muscarinic effects of acetylcholine at postganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Directly stimulates cholinergic receptors in the eye, decreasing resistance to aqueous humor outflow.
Instillation frequency and concentration are determined by patient's response. Individuals with heavily pigmented irides may require higher strengths. If other glaucoma medication is also being used, at bedtime, use gtt at least 5 min before gel. May use alone, or in combination with other miotics, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, epinephrine, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or hyperosmotic agents to decrease IOP.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Class Summary
Reduce secretion of aqueous humor by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in ciliary body. In acute ACG, may be given systemically but are used topically in patients with refractory open-angle glaucoma. Topical formulations are less effective, and their duration of action is shorter than many other classes of drugs. Adverse effects of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are relatively rare, but they include superficial punctate keratitis, acidosis, paresthesias, nausea, depression, and lassitude.
Acetazolamide (Diamox Sequels)
Inhibits enzyme carbonic anhydrase, reducing rate of aqueous humor formation, which, in turn, reduces IOP. Used for adjunctive treatment of chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma and secondary glaucoma and preoperatively in acute ACG when delay of surgery desired to lower IOP.
Methazolamide (Neptazane)
Reduces aqueous humor formation by inhibiting enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which results in decreased IOP.
Dorzolamide (Trusopt)
Used concomitantly with other topical ophthalmic drug products to lower IOP. If more than one ophthalmic drug is being used, administer the drugs at least 10 min apart. Reversibly inhibits carbonic anhydrase, reducing hydrogen ion secretion at renal tubule and increases renal excretion of sodium, potassium bicarbonate, and water to decrease production of aqueous humor.
Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Catalyzes reversible reaction involving hydration of carbon dioxide and dehydration of carbonic acid. May use concomitantly with other topical ophthalmic drug products to lower IOP. If more than one topical ophthalmic drug is being used, administer drugs at least 10 min apart.
Dorzolamide HCl/ timolol maleate (Cosopt, Cosopt PF)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that may decrease aqueous humor secretion, causing a decrease in IOP. Presumably slows bicarbonate ion formation with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport.
Timolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that decreases IOP by decreasing aqueous humor secretion and may slightly increase outflow facility. Both agents administered together bid may result in additional IOP reduction compared with either component administered alone, but reduction is not as much as when dorzolamide tid and timolol bid are administered concomitantly.
Prostaglandin, Ophthalmic
Class Summary
Increase uveoscleral outflow of the aqueous. One mechanism of action may be through induction of metalloproteinases in ciliary body, which breaks down extracellular matrix, thereby reducing resistance to outflow through ciliary body.
Latanoprost (Xalatan, Xelpros)
Latanoprost may decrease IOP by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Patients should be informed about possible cosmetic effects to the eye/eyelashes, especially if uniocular therapy is to be initiated.
Travoprost (Travatan Z)
This agent is a prostaglandin F2-alpha analog. It is a selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist that is believed to reduce IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow. Travoprost ophthalmic solution is used to treat open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Bimatoprost (Lumigan, Latisse)
This agent is a prostamide analog with ocular hypotensive activity. It mimics the IOP-lowering activity of prostamides via the prostamide pathway. Bimatoprost ophthalmic solution is used to reduce IOP in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic (Vyzulta)
Metabolizes rapidly in the eye to latanoprost acid, an F2 alpha prostaglandin analog. May increase the outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral route, which may in turn reduce intraocular pressure.
Rho Kinase Inhibitors
Class Summary
These agents may increase aqueous outflow by reversing structural and functional damage at the trabecular meshwork. The vasodilatory effect of rho kinase inhibitors may also reduce episcleral venous pressure.
Netarsudil ophthalmic (Rhopressa)
May reduce intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork route.
